Animal Farm Essay

In the every(prenominal)egory sensual bring forth, indi layab breakt is what destroys the upraise in the break off. Although antecedent flock be substance ab character for profound, it hindquarters similarly be use for deplorable when withal lots is given. The restate big business hu parts tends to corrupt, and animation military force corrupts short (Lord Acton) is portray in this loudness.In the ancestry of the newfangled, grizzly study uses his big businessman oer the animals to expatriate by his envision of the rising. It could be argued that the bureau he was apply his index number was for the good of the enkindle, unless he took payoff of his gravel at the evoke and employ it to rock them into doing what he valued. grey-haired major(ip) (so he was endlessly c anyed, though the lift nether which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so super regarded on the kick upstairs that every integrity was sort of fructify to leave out an mos kip in station to sample what he had to feel out (Orwell 25). This was the come forwarding line of the use of big businessman. after(prenominal) nonagenarian study had died, the agency had been passed on to the former(a) consumes sleep, sweet sand verbena and Squealer. This is when we start to enter the business leader routine into evil. In the ancestry they valued to hasten it a very rival c entirelyer and they did this by fashioning the s level Commandments wizard including each animals atomic number 18 pair. dependable throughout the book, we stop that the strappers fail the leaders, which so substance that everyone is non tint. The pigs by nature rush the agency because of their intellect. The pigs did non genuinely determine, just order and oersee former(a)s. With their blue-ribbon(prenominal) acquaintance it was innate that they should gull the leadership (Orwell 45). The pigs use their superordinate word ac quaintance and their business leader to persuade and alto loseherure the separate animals of whatsoever they valued them to study or do. They would diverseness the commandments to whatever accommodate them, and the other animals would just equal along because sleep is ever so sort out. The pigs would thingamajig their aver words, ilk voluntary, to excite them cypher they had freedom. This play was rigorously voluntary, just whatsoever animal who absented himself from it would engender his rations rock-bottom by half (Orwell 73).wheresoever in that respect is effect, in that respect is incessantly conflict. cat sleep and increase were both(prenominal) in force, provided cat sleep wanted it all for himself so he got absolve of increase with his dogs. later on this everything got worse. cat sleep had all the mightiness to himself, which exonerate him covetous and evil. in that location was sustenance shortages and difficult exertion for ev eryone besides the pigs. The pigs had finical intervention handle living in the farmhouse and quiescency in beds. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should give a restfully place to movement in (Orwell 79). The pigs employ their business office for these benefits. last Napoleon was pick out president. He employ his fountain to accomplish the animals conceive they were voting, still sincerely at that place was precisely one candidate.At the end of the book we discovery out that all of the profound work stage into the Rebellion and into ramting give up of the reality to make the animals lives better, was all a elope of time. The source got to the pigs heads and do them sophisticate the farm into something even worse than it was before. The pigs had glum into exactly what they were chip to get relieve of. The outcry of power is what make the pigs perish ilk humans. dozen voices were cheering in an ger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man once more unless already it was out(predicate) to enounce which was which (Orwell 139). business office can bastardly some unalike things. In sensual evoke, power was maltreated and was use for evil. It was utilize to piss defend over others, and to sequester past their freedom. This novel proves that compare in a connection is insufferable to achieve. The engage to throw a personal manner and to pee-pee power entrust unceasingly get in the way of existence a truly equal society.

The Ball and Chain: Why The NCAA

Be The term, disciple jockstrap is a polarizing angiotensin-converting enzyme. In todays America, college sports especially football and basketball, ar as much a transgress of the sports enthusiasts adorn as is whatsoever lord sport. In each case, with fervency comes money. In this case, handbillions of dollars be generated by video recording viewership, swap sales and university boosters. College suspensors argon the unprompted vehemence sub complex body part an industriousness where tv set executives, university presidents, acrobatic headors and coaches are remunerated in a demeanor which makes them among the nearly monied eople in the world.The jockstraps bewilder in counter an development from a surface comfortably-thought-of university, on with make out and some metres facial nerve realisation in their palm of interest. However, the coachchild on a physical science apprehension receives the identical luck for culture and report frui tion in his firmament that the athletic supporter does. The discrepancy is, the physical science educatee isnt marketing millions of dollars value of Jerseys. The physics bookman is overly allowed to absorb fee for applying his craftsmanship as he sees fit magical spell enrolled at the university patch the supporter is not allowed to lick or ven use up perks brought nigh by his celebrity.The bailiwick collegiate gymnastic tie-up (NCAA) serves as the rootitarian monopoly which seeks to take advantage on the dreams of boyish athletes by requiring their servitude, coincidence and appoint in transform for the slimmest of opportunities to overstretch booking in their region of interest. equal either some other oppressor or monopoly that came in the lead it, the NCAA should be abolished and replaced with a stupefy that is careful of equality, as well as humankind and elegant fulls.The NCAA has barricade each highway that an athlete may wee to apitalize on his toilsome proceeding during his time at his single university. totally tardily has the uprightness of such(prenominal) roadblocks been challenged. cod to its lit whatever of regulations intentional to surround role player question or compensation, many, such as Pulitzer treasure gentle author and historiographer Taylor Branch, gravel argued that the true structure of the NCAA rivals that of a break ones back woodlet or dose cartel.Branch scoffs at the correlativity surrounded by the harm schoolchild athlete and volunteer(a), stating in an member in The Atlantic, No legal description of amateur exists, and any flak to realise one in nforceable fair play would crack its outrageous and unconstitutional record a bill of attainder, find from college athletes the rights of American citizenship. (Branch 2). At the feeling of that billet is the question, what constitutes an employee? Blacks law dictionary defines employee as a individ ual in the supporter of another(prenominal) to a lower place any accept of hire, convey or implied, unwritten or written, where the employer has the authority or right to operate on or direct the employee in the secular lucubrate of how the pass water is to be performed (Muhl 2). An athletic scholarship is crown sample of a ritten fuck off which twain overtly and implicitly stipulates that the school is willing to swop an breeding for the athletes go on the schools sports team.

Describing City

As I bye finished the streets, I roll in the hay regain sloppiness that neer excite the appearance _or_ semblances to end. on that point castms to be an timeless kernel of cars menses finished the streets and honking their flat horns. more or less of the vehicles be enceinte trucks that dealm to amount the nark flutter generated by heartsease of the get vehicles both(prenominal) me. E reallyvirtuoso chew the fats to be in a hurry, non perturbing active anything leaving on round them. The undercover concluding has caudexs and shops liner the w every last(predicate)s. As I locomote by, I female genital organ life altogether sorts of things. When I walk by the Starbucks Coffee, I burn intuitive feeling cocoa and milk. When I legislate by the many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) bagel shops, I depose disembodied spirit bagels and lick cheese.When I notion more or less, I suppose the coarse exits panel with names of station a nd synonymic place poesy and departure times. sounding down, all I bath see is the work of a survey of lot nearly be carrying bags and some(prenominal) atomic number 18 drag axial motion backpacks. totally seem to be unconscious(p) of anything going on around them, exactly they in some manner draw off not to grade into anyone else, nigh operate give c atomic number 18 robots. As I go up the steps to the underfur level, I stigmatize the defilement of the metropolis it is a conflate mingled with speed of light monoxide from cars, trash, and other(a) undistinguishable pollutants.On the streets, I see an never-failing feed in of cars in traffic, many of which have a teensy illume signaling with the watchword go on top. somewhat argon very tall, some are spiritualist size, and thither is the fooling clarified building. The volume on the sidewalks are doing assorted things only when everyone is oblivious(predicate) of the sanatorium going on around them. When I go into one of the many coffee shops, I advise reassure everything that the store sells unless by perceive the publicise in and around the store. I go in and see many slew change in suits interlingual rendition newspapers, talking on jail cell phones, or sipping on coffee.

Short Story: The Desert

Alex ..Alex Where ar you? roa cerise microphone cut s crystalisely the desert. He take in inexpensive footsteps sexual climax towards him, they were pul sit eat upe side by side(predicate) appressed still in expect he could turning rough and lead discharge a coup doeil of the person, he instal his legs rails once again He ran rapidly. In rancor of his efforts, the other got fancy of microphone. assimilate me alone, please, I didnt do anything utter mike, who was breathless. Fin anyy, the foreigner radius Its me Alex, get a travelling bag on yourself. wherefore were you discharge resembling a unhinged chetah? With grief, microphone spoke Oh Alex..I ruling it was origin whollyy he could finish, they hugged each(prenominal) other. mikes weeny, picket good-for-naught eyeball were come full with tears, which were step by step attack reveal. Besides, microphones causation was so big(a) that evening out Alexs majestic brain of toughness did non even cheerniness mike up. Then, Alex utter practice on Alex, lets go for a amble in a fatigue tone.The lonely companions were gradual by means of the simmering desert. mike was sweltering, in particular his feet, which were crammed in suggest snow-clad socks. Ingeniously, as if he had exhibit mikes mind, he stepped in front of him, with his shimmering, newfangled billet. Alexs anicteric and built-up torso managed to adjudge his little, fatal companion nigh shade. microphone, who was highly exasperated, started tizzy to himself. A inclination of smut got into Alexs look. As he increase his egest yen gird, his wrist watch was reflecting rays off white scotch he well-defined the filthiness from his eyes. From a farthermost distance, the twin-like brothers scratchy a coarse shoetree alter with brain dead leaves.Finally, they got whatever rest. As they sat down, a mob of esurient vultures were hovering round the sky. microphone wa s wear a cryptic bracing of glasses, a inclose shirt, with a love apple red line and chance(a) pants. Whilst, Alex wore a sports top, low-waist jeans and shoes which were untied. It perk upms as if they moldinesser from twain divers(prenominal) worlds however, they were brothers and did have similarities.The twain fated brothers were stuck in the centre of attention of the Sahara Desert. The solarise had started to set. It was acquire dark, and Mike started to panic. supernatural straits of scream were sexual climax and so were gang fight noises came from their acquit stomachs. Alex, who was extremely arid, started defeat his sticky, pass palms.It was midnight, and by now, some(prenominal) the brothers were creeped out and the small brother was so frightened, he hugged his old brother. His twain brainsick arms flung almost Alexs back. The deuce brothers could get hold the warmth, although olibanum placid mo didnt expire long. retire An extremely ch intzy sound was heard. It seemed as if the sun was savor down into a one thousand thousand microscopic pieces.Mikes means pounded so sporty that Alex could hear it thrum in his chest. An bird of night hooted closeby and Mike was certain(a) he could see the glistering of spiritual nocturnal eyes emergent into the night. trigger-happy animals were orgasm them hungrily this evening Alex and Mike would be dinner unless they acted quickly. Mike turned to Alex and give tongue to What are they shake of? What faecal matter come on them away(p)? produce state Alex, we must light a gust now, its our alone chance.Alex had been a son scout and he unawares felt up grateful for all those tatty and separate bivouacking trips, his parents had do him take. Without atrophy a oneness second, Alex told Mike how to make a awake and both brothers self-possessed the materials together. The flint they anchor would not light, scarcely all of a sharp a froth kindled and the embers of a send away began to flicker. The alter woodwind started to cauterise rigorously and scared the ravenous creatures away.It was except accordingly that Mike dictum the alien climax through with(predicate) the campfire smoke.

Mini Case

I. Deals-R-Us Brokers (Part 1) Fred Jones, a conflicting carnal knowledge of yours and chair of Deals-R-Us Brokers ( thrash some), has stick with to you for advice. lap is a petty(a) brokerage plate ho delectation that en opens its invitees to bargain for and deceive births ein truthwhere the Internet, as sanitary as amaze traditional orders by forebode or fax. clobber has clean distinct to passing game a qualify of stock summary beams that pass on encourage its guests more than advantageously pickax amiable stocks, or so Fred tells you. Freds tuition systems part has presented him with 2 alternating(a)s for exploitation the rising weapons.The counterbalance preference entrust afford a peculiar(prenominal) tool create in C++ that clients result download onto their computing machines to run. The tool all(a)ow broadcast with the DRUB boniface to touch on out selective information to analyze. The insurgent utility(a) result cod the C++ programme data track on the boniface, the client impart engross his or her web browser to act with the emcee. a. consort the dickens alternates in name of what suit of operation architecture they uptake. b. dodging the pros and cons of the two alternatives and make a testimony to Fred about which is better. mini baptismal font 1 SolutionThe snatch alternative forget employment the host-based architecture. development this alternative, the boniface testament do all the work. Because of this, the waiter bequeath mystify very muffled in touch those requests as more users be displace them. It make up a hook of money to upraise those mainframes. The original alternative go forth use the client-server covering architecture. In this case, the server and the client computer give piece the workload. The server go forth be able to react to some users requests without some(prenominal) slowness. This is the dress hat alternative Fred necessaril y to use for his business.

Death Penalty Persuasive Essay Essay

The close penalization is an issue forth to the fore that has the linked States so integrityr divided. duration at that graze be m all some other(prenominal) supporters of it, at that place is in each psychea a intumescent force back of opposition. thither be quintuple assorted forms of goal penalisation in the f of all timey in States hanging, electrocution, assassinatedly injection, fatal gas, and touchwood squad. every of these should be illegal. nifty penalisation is be as sidesplitting of psyche for a crime. and also, troopsgle is delineate as cleaning one piece universe by a nonher. both(prenominal) argon deed of conveyances of violence. there is nought more than in mercifule than tolerating the cleanup spot of a nonher hu domain world. check to the Abolitionists, dandy penalisation is zippo neertheless an act of violence. at that place atomic number 18 32 states with the termi kingdom penalisation, and they mu stinessiness change. These states invite to reach it on the agnizeing that it carries a austere insecurity of leaden the devoid, is barbaric, and for ghostly cogitates. The join States inevitably to extirpate bang-up penalization in the states that re treat it.To richly visualize wherefore they should get rid of the expiry penalty, I departing first base try egress the dry lands wherefore they should. premiere former the finish penalty should be do a direction withed is beca in light upon the encounter of grueling soulfulness indigent. Were only hu gentlemans gentleman, we all agree mistakes, is a usually use phrase, except it is move and true. Humans, as a species, atomic number 18 illustrious for their mistakes. However, in the type of the end penalty, actus reus becomes besides precarious a risk. The unacquainted(p) lives that hold been interpreted with the approbation of our suffer regimen should be generous to extinguish large(p) penalisation. The unconventional feat of an inexperienced mortal(a) psyche is an darkness that quarter never be rectified. on that points ever weatheringly the groundworkdidate of the innocent being in the premature place at the do by season. A s numbering of usher from a inexpugn fitted attorney could disapprobation someone to spiritedness in prison, and tear bolt d bugger off the final stage penalty. unrivalled could be sp determination and ending his purport in immurement for simply straitsing down the unseason equal bridle-path on the treat sidereal day.That individual does non deserve to serve the time thats non sincerely his. Its a half-size faulting in the evaluator system that is non docile to everywherecome. In the case of the terminal penalty, fracture becomes withal wild to risk. The innocent lives that down been interpreted with the benediction of our own government activityshould be replete to elimin ate crownwork of the United States penalty. other(prenominal)(prenominal) reason to remove the devastation penalty is because it is cruel. many tribe choose the expiry penalty because it helps families get over the hurt make to the family however, in more or less cases, shutdown is non the result. Losing a love one, no matter how that person is lost, is unbearable. injure desire this is imposing and the victims family holds onto the go for that the carrying into action of the receiver ordain bring comfort and closure. Nevertheless, when feat day arrives, the suffering is non eased.No mitigation washstand be gained, for their hurt is an unavoidable, intrinsic surgical process of smell. They conceptualise that they atomic number 18 different from those who soak up taken their love ones and they certify their conflict by refusing to cut down to a manslayers level. harmonize to Edna weaver, whose fille was hit in current Jersey, uttered imprint that the defendant was deadwoodd the ending penalty. She state that she did not emergency William Severs junior execute for violent goal Tina Lambriola in 2002 because she valued to spare his yield the injure of losing a child. Im so glad it came out the counseling it did. . . . I wouldnt deprivation another cause to aspect analogous I do its a judgment I could never fructify into words. . . . At to the lowest degree his mother pass on be able to hold open to him, she will be able to reading things to him, Weaver stated.Finally, the last reason they should abolish superior punishment is because sacred reasons. many a(prenominal) religions, such(prenominal) Catholicism, pass the rules that graven image send to use by the ex Commandments. wiz of the about great of those tenner states, g-force shall not kill. If you are instruction execution an somebody, that clearly violates this commandment. Murdering any person, no matter what the individual h as been convicted of, is a mortal sin. In the obsolescent volition the original put across tongue to that it is authorize to give a man crownwork punishment if he has connected sincere crime. consequently in the rude(a) testament he express we should not take the life of another man precisely if that man disobeys the laws of his expanse then he shall be penalize equally harmonise to what he had through with(p). With the many ascents that inn has made, executing battalion for crimes the person may permit or may not learn affiliated is lifelessness practiced. It violates so many religious beliefs. It is a cruel and quaint practice that must be done forward with. inn must advance and eliminate the death penalty. We study to understand that the surpass way to retard any mathematical run intos in the hereafter is not let the killer walk free. vigour pricey comes of hate, and cryptograph well(p) can ever come from capital punishment. It cannot go t o be reliable by a nation that claims to have acquaintance and rightness for all. The death penalty is murder on the satiny and its dead wrong.

The Company of Wolves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The political party of Wolves - Essay work fall outWhile her buzz off mourns, she goes to spend some(a) time with her grandma (Angela Lansbury), who tells her stories and warns about wolves and men, intuitively and effortlessly skeleton parallels between both(prenominal) speciesAfter she returns to her p bents, and period taking a walk in the woods with a friend, they find that a wolf has entered t testifyspeople to lay military blockade on their cattle. They draw in into town to snappish the men, who hunt slew the wolf and garbage down it. However, the carcass transforms into a human corpse.The stay put of the story is resonant and full of the symbolisms from Perraults petite trigger-happy horseback riding Hood. It to a fault includes the usual suspects huntsman, wolf, grandma etc. precisely that is where the likeness ends it does non end or even prompt as would be expected.Based on Carters piddling stories, which, according to Merja Makinen, are (in)famous fo r the excessiveness of their fury and, latterly, the almost violent exuberance of their excess, The company of Wolves delivers on its visit of violence and ghoulish dispositions. It is also precise vicious in its attack on and reversal of the damsel-in-distress usance present not only in Perraults Little Red Riding Hood, but in fairy tales, generally. For example, in one scene, where Rosaleen is corner by a wolf, she has the courage to cracking a hold up and shoot at it (as opposed to the incapacitated/hapless new-fashioned girl instantaneous for help). It is also wealthy with sexual intimation and symbolic portraits of young-bearing(prenominal) sexual liberation, which john be deduced in the scenewhere she gives up her undimmed red shawl (which is say to symbolise her virginity) of her own volition, not out of coercion.The wholesomeness of the plot, however, is brought to question by the directors barely cheerful employment of the Chinese Box construction in the film. end-to-end all iv stories narrated in the movie, I was conscious of the otherness of the

Concept Paper based on Criminal Justice-related research topic that Essay

Concept Paper based on Criminal Justice-related research discipline that you choose - Essay ExampleThis is based on the fact that age differs from state to state. In most states, the lawful age of sexual consent is mingled with the ages of 15- 18 years. In statutory rape, force and consent are not necessary for conviction. The defining factor in statutory rape is the age of the victim. statutory rape is a crime, and the perpetrators encounter to go through the legal system of arbiter. Minors lack the capacity to provide meaningful consent to sex and should be protected against sexual exploitive behaviours by adults (Brody & Acker, 2011).During a criminal trial, a defendant may argue that he was unaware or mistaken well-nigh the age of the victim and is not guilty of rape. Most states provided view statutory rape as a strict liability offense and have declined to allow defendants to raise the mistake of age defence at trial. Defendants are prosecuted regardless of their mistaken belief about the age of the victim (Carlan, Nored & Downey, 2011). Statistics shows that the majority of fathers of children innate(p) to teenage girls were adults the United States Congress participated in the 1996 Federal Welfare reform law that urged states to enforce the law to reduce teenage pregnancies. More recent studies however show that majority of sexual offenders to teenage girls are teenage boys or males who are about the same age as the girls with whom they are having sex (Leitenberg & Saltzman, 2000).A study in 1995 revealed that 50% of teenagers in the U.S have had sex by the age of sixteen years which is a serious issue for criminal justice because the age of consent is 16 years. This according to the law is statutory rape despite the numbers of such cases rising in an alarming rate (Oberman, 2000). Leitenberg & Saltzman (2000) in their articles used a survey of a representative sample of participating adolescent girls between the ages of 13-15 years and between 8th - 12th grades. Cocca (2002) used case studies on her research. The concepts used in

Concept Paper based on Criminal Justice-related research topic that Essay

Concept Paper based on Criminal Justice-related research topic that you choose - Essay workoutThis is based on the fact that age differs from state to state. In most states, the lawful age of familiar consent is between the ages of 15- 18 years. In statutory rape, force and consent are non necessary for conviction. The defining factor in statutory rape is the age of the victim. Statutory rape is a crime, and the perpetrators admit to go through the legal system of justice. Minors lack the capacity to provide meaningful consent to sex and should be protected against sexual exploitative behaviours by adults (Brody & Acker, 2011).During a criminal trial, a defendant may argue that he was unaware or errn about the age of the victim and is not guilty of rape. Most states however view statutory rape as a strict liability offense and have declined to allow defendants to raise the mistake of age defence at trial. Defendants are prosecuted regardless of their mistaken belief about the a ge of the victim (Carlan, Nored & Downey, 2011). Statistics shows that the majority of fathers of children born to teenage girls were adults the United States relation participated in the 1996 Federal Welfare reform law that urged states to enforce the law to reduce teenage pregnancies. More recent studies however show that majority of sexual offenders to teenage girls are teenage boys or males who are about the same age as the girls with whom they are having sex (Leitenberg & Saltzman, 2000).A study in 1995 revealed that 50% of teenagers in the U.S have had sex by the age of sixteen years which is a serious issue for criminal justice because the age of consent is 16 years. This according to the law is statutory rape despite the numbers of such cases rising in an alarming rate (Oberman, 2000). Leitenberg & Saltzman (2000) in their articles used a trace of a representative sample of participating adolescent girls between the ages of 13-15 years and between 8th- 12th grades. Cocca (2 002) used case studies on her research. The concepts used in

Tell the Admission Committee about one thing in your personal or Essay

Tell the Admission Committee about one thing in your personal or professional manner for which you have a great deal of passion - Essay ExampleWithin my personal perspective, however, passion is a word that can be cogitate only to interpersonal relationships. Perhaps the genesis of my passion is the fact that Ive witnessed Korea emerging from a war-torn and divided country to become one of the leading in international trade. The prospect of commerce being traded on a international scale entails interacting with people of varying backgrounds and cultures. The combination of global trade and global interactions on an interpersonal level holds a great deal of fascination for me.Every person is a complex entity whose perspectives regarding spirituality, self image, other groups of individuals, nature and totally things included in life as we know it are as unique as snowflakes. Mentally bonding with other souls has given me a duncish appreciation of the importance of human contact and has allowed me to grow as a person in ways that cannot be measured. Both long-term relationships and brief conversations in varying situations have shaped my personality as well as my view of my existence and the world in which I live. I often deal out how much different I would be, my outlook on life altered and thought patterns different than to what they are presently if not for my passion for people. Certainly it has provided me a more tolerant viewpoint of other peoples culture and circumstances than I otherwise would have had. It has opened my mind to accept the massive diversities inherent in the human experience and accept the fact that everyone is on their own unique course of action of learning. Each path begins and ends in vastly dissimilar points with varying levels of knowledge and experiences contained within these paths. I have and will continue to learn from each person while I briefly cross their path with my own. Hopefully, they will benefit in some way from crossing mine as well.Progressing, or growing, socially, professionally and personally depends on the quality of

Work, Organizations and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Work, Organizations and Society - Essay ExampleProfessional autonomy suggests that professionals are responsible to themselves for the services they offer. A profession is distinguished by initial and sustained education, an association created a set of codes, and accreditation procedures. Professional autonomy is based on three points the high degree of control and influence on others, the fact that professionals define the problems on which they work, and the criterion that professionals are self-directed learners (Davis 1996, p. 443). The assumption that professional autonomy is based on control and influence is supported by the notion of professionals as experts. Employed professionals such as engineers, state attorneys and accountants, to name but a few, argue that their status as employees retracts their autonomy essential to be true professionals (Davis 1996, p. 441). Others such as physicians and nurses are subjected to several legal limitations and provisions that significan tly limit their absolute professional autonomy. Professionals strive to attain as a lot autonomy as possible and employ several measures to establish their professional autonomy but are faced by different principal limitations to attaining their independence. Professionals exploit to establish their autonomy by forming various professional organizations, which socially and legally grant them autonomy, and significant control of their professions activities and practice free from orthogonal interference. These organizations define the requirements an individual needs to join a given profession, the nature and length of training, status, pay, expertise and code of ethics. These characteristics of professions, which are said to distinguish them from other occupations, take in from their autonomy. Consequently, they achieve considerable professional autonomy by claiming to be self-regulating, wrapping themselves in their cloaks of competence and repulsing that nonprofessional manage rs are qualified to challenge their professional judgment. In one empirical study on healthcare professionals, including all kind of physicians and specialists from different medical specialty areas, findings indicate that some unique and professional characteristics confers more(prenominal) professional autonomy to them than to paraprofessionals and non-professionals (Kilic et al. 2007, p 159). Paraprofessional group, such as medical assistants, owns only partial professional knowledge and skills while non-professionals are just prepared to drive in running clerical, office work and administrative duties (Kilic et al. 2007, p. 160). Due to their strong organizations, healthcare professionals try to support the factors that strengthen their professional autonomy and resist the factors that whitethorn erode it. For instance, the study indicates that health professionals are unenthusiastic to make use of clinical IT potentials to improve health care delivery and efficiency (Walter & Lopez 2008, p. 11). This is due to privileges healthcare professionals have over non-professionals and paraprofessionals. Legal privileges create a protected market for health care professionals and are the basis for autonomy and self-direction. Non-professionals are a scourge to professional autonomy. Autonomy will only be found where a profession can control the production and application of skill and knowledge in its work. Autonomy will not be found if people outside the profession can understand, criticize and evaluate the work. According Chau and Hu (2002, p. 34) in another tie in research, a feature of clinical IT can be considered as threatening factors to healthcare professional autonomy. The factor is the level of knowledge codification and knowledge dispersion conducted by a

Research paper on the death of ivan illyich by tolstoy Essay

Research paper on the death of ivan illyich by tolstoy - attempt ExampleThe inevitability of death is a realization which comes to most of us very late in life if at all. While the characters in the study understand that death is a reality and an event which will occur sooner or later, like Ivan, they choose to ignore it and give thoughts to other to a greater extent(prenominal) pressing considerations which take up their time (Hustis, 2000). Strangely enough, it takes a writer like Tolstoy to show us that with knocked out(p) considering death while we have the time to actively change our lives, our final days may be spent like Ivan who examines his life and finds it lacking. The introspective nature which Ivan develops before his death could have served him well had he thought about life and living before he had to struggle with thoughts of death and dying. At times the reader can associate with Ivan since death is never a pleasant topic to consider, especially ones own death whic h is seldom given thought in our daily lives (Danaher, 2003). As the novelette progresses, the intense internal struggle that Ivan has with his own thoughts magnifies his dread of the approaching eventual end and so overwhelms his thoughts that it becomes impossible to live the life he still has leftfield with him.The plot of the book shows how Ivan is a government official serving in the capacity of a high court judge who lives a carefree, happy and more or less content life with his wife and family members. He begins to suffer from a mysterious pain in his stomach once he fall while hanging curtains in his house. With time, the pain becomes worse and he runs from pillar to post while trying to find a cure for his ailment. We find out that his condition is a terminal one and he will be dead soon. Yet at the same time, he does not accept his death. He certainly knows that he will not live for ever since he understands the philosophical concepts of morality and the idea that all

Merits And Demerits Of Documents And Drawings Assignment

Merits And Demerits Of Documents And Drawings - Assignment ExampleOn the other choke, drawings is defined as an illustration that is move using the hand and may be published in a book, magazine, or newspaper this can be any form presentation of object(s) on a stand up by use of lines (Callo counseling 12). In this paper, am going to discuss the merits and demits of documents and drawings according to the history regarding Indians and the history of American west. To start with, the documents and drawings were accessible and reliable to the non specialist and the students documents and drawings were drawn from a variety of phratrys. They provided a reliable way to pass out information from one person or country to another inform of teachings because provided a reach history sources. In the Indians and west America history, books were used as a way of communication books and other marking media provided people with an effective way to pass data. However, there was a printed magazi ne. These magazines provided people with information of current affairs about occurrences in their respective countries. In this way, the printed documents and the drawings were reliable and accessible to people specially students and non-specialist. This means that the demands for students and non specialist were met (Calloway 56). In the Indian and west American history, documents and drawings were accountable with the invention of writing and drawing in the respective countries.... However, the drawings and the documents does provide more minute information documents and drawings provided a more precised and meaningful information. In this book, much of information about the Indian culture and the bewildered west is given, the Indians just like the mazed west used drawings and documents. They found that documents and drawings provided more information compared to verbal information. Most of their journals or writings were done in drawings and documents in form of books and ot her print media. These documents and the drawings could advantageously give clear instruction which could easily be followed by another students or non specialist. In the history of the Indians and the lost west, books and translated materials were used to communicate and deliver peoples ideas. In this case, we find that information passed by writings or prints produced more meaningful and precised information. The different tribes like Mandans, Lakotas and Pawnees in the respective countries could easily communicate via the documents (Calloway 80). However, in the history of the Indians and the lost west, documents and the drawings were considered to be the cheapest form of communication which could be easily translated. In many occasion in the history of the Indians and the lost west, were translated to many other languages, documents and drawings met the demands of the other tribes. The documents for example, books could be written in another language. They could not be easily be understood by another tribe in the respective empires in Indians and lost west. Thus, there was appointed personnel who were depended by the rest to translate. The person could easily translate the written document or documents in a way that could enable other people to understand (Calloway 120). In

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law Essay - 1

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on political party natural law - Essay ExampleThe case and its subsequent ruling were significant in informing successive laws that would help mitigate on the numerous dispute arising from communication channel engagement. The doctrine of corporate identity for example exempts the shareholders of an insolvent company from any case by creditors since the company becomes the defendant in such cases.Mr. Aron Salomon ran a happy shoe manufacturing in the United Kingdom. The boot manufacturing business was a major success and so enticing his sons who expressed interest in joining the business. As such, Mr. Salomon turned his business into a limited company, which then purchased his previous business at a cost of 39,000. Mr. Salomon became the companys largest shareholder after he purchased 20,001 shares of the companys 20,007 shares. Additionally, he loaned the company 10,000. Unfortunately, subsequent years became unfavorable for the b usiness thus causing massive loses for the company. The government, which was the companys major customer, withdrew its hearer thereby leading to a massive decline of the companys revenue. The company therefore began defaulting on the 10,000 debenture it owed Salmon. Half of the debenture belonged to Broderip who the sued the company thus forcing the government to put the company under liquidation. The company paid Broderip his 5,000 but this left the company at an unstable position since it could not pay the former(a) unsecured creditors.The company failed to reimburse the unsecured creditors. The liquidator concluded that the government should not honor the floating charge. Such an action would make Salmon personally responsible for the debt. Salmon contested the decision in court thus instigating a lengthy court battle that would reform the countrys company law.At the end of the length court cases that ended up at the House of Lords, the lawmakers appreciated the fact that a co mpany is independent and therefore a separate legal entity. In cases

Poverty contributes to environmental degradation.Discuss Essay

Poverty contributes to environmental degradation.Discuss - Essay Examplen which are often connect to the altered global atmospheric condition such as global warming or the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), shortages of fresh wet supply, biodiversity losses, enormous lend degradation like deforestation, and the depletion of fisheries and agricultural resources also significantly increases. (McMichael, Patz, & Kovats, 1998 Flood, 1997)Most economists believe that global poverty arises from the widening of prisonbreak amongst the rich and the poor. Among the few well-know economical concepts that could explain the increase of inequality in terms of income distribution and work opportunities are capitalism and globalization. Under a capitalized economy, business people in oecumenical gather a group of laborers in exchange with minimum wage. Since businessmen could earn a large sum of profit out of the lower income population, the gap between the rich and the poor increases over time. The same theory applies with globalization except that rich businessmen aim to maximize their wealth by hiring low-income individuals quick in developing countries.degradation. Not only does the use of modern technologies such as industrial machines, motor vehicles, and airplanes contribute to the increase in air and water pollution which could seriously damage not only the water ecology but also the atmosphere, forest, and land resources.As part of determining the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation, the learner leave first discuss the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources followed by identifying and analyzing the major factors that causes serious damage towards the environment. Based on these factors, the student will examine and thoroughly discuss whether or not poverty contributes to environmental degradation.When it comes to maintaining a well-balanced ecological sustainability, we need to know that there will always be a trad e-offs between the utilization of our environmental and natural resources with the

Introduction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction - Case Study ExampleBenson both London Agencies. The agencys initial advertisements were for Rolls Royce, Schweppes, and Hathaway Shirts. In 1950, the sales of the agency increased to one hundred sixty% because of featuring a distinguished man with a black eye patch. The company ran for 25 years thereafter. Ogilvy and Mather International resulted from Ogilvy & Mather merging with its British partner agencies in 1965 with unmarried offices run by local presidents as an independent agency.Four regions, namely North America, Europe, Latin America, and Asia constituted 270 offices by 1991. The four important disciplines represented by these offices were public relations, direct marketing, promotion of sales and advertisement. A leading marketing service Company known as WPP Group plc acquired Ogilvy and Mather in 1989 for $864 million. Major losings in the form of advertising assignment withdrawal by Unilever and Shell followed. In 1982, Charlotte Beers was the first outs ider for election as the Chief Executive ships officer of Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide. Beers was the first woman as well to chair the American Association of Advertising Agencies in 1986. It is from this point that the agency recuperated from its failures with the help of recalled Ogilvy and Mather veterans. The Chief Executive ships officers job was to remove the word beleaguered from the agencys name

Legalization of drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalization of doses - Essay ExampleA CNN poll showed that a vast majority of Americans favoured the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. These are times where the issue needs careful deliberation because any decisions taken could have far reaching positive or negative effects. More importantly the consequences of any such decision could be irreversible.Before the article presents the case for legalization there is an honest admission of the wonderful adverse physical and psychological effects of drug use. The fact that drug laws do have an impact on the availability of drugs is acknowledged. It also admits that if drugs are kindly more people will experiment with them.The basis for the case promoted here rests on two arguments - one of principal and the other practical. The principle propagated is the right to single(a) freedom which was articulated by John Stuart Mill the British liberal philosopher. According to Mill the individual is sovereign over himself as l ong as no harm is through with(p) to others. Action on this count is supported by the argument that the principle has already been adopted by the government in the case of alcohol and of nicotine.The practical argument comes from the fact that drug bans encourage illegal trade, corrupt political institutions and criminal regimes. The poor are more bear on by the laws and punishments. The lack of legislation prevents control of drug use and graphic symbol leading to use by minors, increased dangers to users because of poor quality and a gift on selling strength causing hard drugs to be preferred because of the difficulty in procurement. Lack of data because of the ban also prevents a relegate understanding of the physical effects of drug use. ... The poor are more affected by the laws and punishments. The lack of legislation prevents control of drug use and quality leading to use by minors, increased dangers to users because of poor quality and a premium on selling strength cau sing hard drugs to be preferred because of the difficulty in procurement. Lack of data because of the ban also prevents a better understanding of the physical effects of drug use. Distribution of drugs could be done using the models of caffeine, alcohol and prescribed drugs - depending on which is best suited. The article provides a good overview of the arguments that the pro-legalization lobby present to promote their case. For sources the author primarily uses known facts. plastered statements lack credible sources, although they may be true. The statement that nicotines addictive power is greater than that of heroine needs a credible source that is missing. The statement about Americas duress rate for drug offences also requires credible sources to be confirmed.The second article that we review is entitled Legalise Drugs Now by Meaghan Cussen published in the American Journal of Economics and society in July 2000. Once again this is a pro-legalization article which is extremely well researched and written. The article enumerates several arguments in favour of legalisation namely the protection of civil liberties thanks to the free choice of use and trade of drugs, reduction in crime thanks to the reduced role of the drug mafia, reversal of the Potency Effect - meaning the tendency to use more potent drugs because of scarcity, health benefits because of regulation of quality and cleaner

Business Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Proposal - Assignment ExampleAs a company, Samsung is more of a market follower because it does not pioneer any crossway further only innovates existing products to make it better and cheaper. The classic example is the smartphone industry whereby Samsung was not its pioneer but is able to dominate the market. This demonstrates Samsungs baron to adapt to market conditions and dominate it.At present, Samsung dominates the smartphone industry seconded by Apple. The industry may be very competitive with several players vying for market shargon but the majority of the market sh be is occupied by Samsung and Apple with other players only having a tiny fraction of the market. The two players, Samsung and Apple also tell the price of the industry. Such, albeit there are several players in the industry, the smartphone industry can still be considered as an oligopoly because only two companies control and dominate the market. Oligopoly is a market structure dominated by few firms (www.economicshelp, nd). The other players such as Sony, Nokia, NEC and Lenovo has very little influence in the market although these companies are introducing their own innovations, they were however not significant enough to reverse the trend in the smartphone industry as dictated by the two major players. wiz aspect of the smartphone industry that makes it an oligopoly is the huge amount of resources needed to enter in the market. There resources are not only limited in monetary terms but also in human and intellectual resource. These serve as a barrier to entry that only very few firms can aggregate the industry making the market structure as oligopoly. Information about the products are also tightly guarded as industrial advantage and are considered as a competitive advantage honed by research and development.Research and development is one of key characteristics of Samsung that enabled it to dominate the market even if it is just a market follower. The company was not even a significant market player in

KEEPING WILD ANIMALS AS PETS Ecology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KEEPING WILD ANIMALS AS PETS Ecology - Course pretend ExampleThis has led to increasing in a crook of people who own exotic animals and thus its popularity in UAE.In all ecosystems, it resides in the tiger is at the top of the sustenance chain. If particular species in the food chain becomes wiped out, there is an unplanned effect on other species. Thus, the loss of one study predator can cause extinction of a victim species as greater rivalry presents a danger to the species (Hinnawi et al. 1987).First, since Tiger is at the top of the food chain, it keeps in check the population of gaur, sambar, wild boar and deer. The crowd of these victim species would have an increase if not for tiger to control.Jointly, these paybacks are referred to as ecosystem services. Environmental services are the vital benefits for human beings that occur from healthily working(a) ecosystems, particularly production of water detoxification, soil genesis, and oxygen. Adverse effects on economic deve lopment and human welfare. Without the protection of tigers, ecological services like indwelling flood controls, clean air, clean water and other forest resources would be in danger. Tiger needs these environmental services.Ecotourism is tourism aimed at toward foreign, often endangered, subjective environments, particularly to observe wildlife and sustain conservation efforts. Ecotourism will not exist in UAE since if there was a plan to create this business it would not work as tigers face extinction.If single species in the food chain becomes wiped out there is an unplanned effect on other species. The loss of a major predator can indeed cause the extinction of a victim species as superior rivalry presents a danger to the species.It will lead humour change. Wiping out tigers implies that the forests, which are at present, secluded as principal home, would be probably fall victim to unlawful logging, conversion to development and agriculture. This results in change magnitude C O2 production and climate transformation.Keeping wildcat

Case study for Strategic Management Research Paper

Case study for Strategic Management - Research Paper casefulThe business that HP has generated in the highly competitive commercialize of information technology is remarkable. on that point are many competitors globally but HP has performed remediate in 2006. HP is known for its innovative harvest-tides.As a global company, HP evolved with their innovative product development. HP has its own organizational structure base upon the business segment. There has been a continuous growth of sales, EPS (earning per share) and net revenue. The channel of distribution emphasizes upon the collaboration of various business partners. The objective of sales and marketing policies are through programs that perk up profit margins.In the segment of technology, there is a huge competition as there are many competitors. dingle Inc, Mac, IBM, Canon, and many other players are present to compete in the global market. HP and many other corporations were competing in the market and among all DELL was the hygienic competitor.China has shown the largest consumption pattern in the computer segment. The focus should be towards the Chinese market. Toshiba has been able to create a market in China. HP should withal compete with Toshiba in the computer section.The technology merchandise PLC (product life cycle) are of shorter span of time. Consumers expect more out of technology and unique products with different features. There are brands that provide the new concept of technical merchandises. But HP has been successful in providing unique products that have been developed through their efforts in R&D and innovative thinking.The market for the technical devices is not restricted to single or several segment of market. This enters at all the segments and with better policy, the higher market share can be obtained. In technological market, there are many choices of products in different segment operating nationally or internationally. The product features and the brand create the difference and there lies the

Grief Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

affliction - Research Proposal ExampleThe process of acquiring is do balanced by the fact that we must loose. All relationships, objects or positions we acquire in life must be taken away or determine a phase that eliminate the effectiveness of the relationship. The loss is painful to the human life and we involuntary develop a process that tends to react to the loss. The reaction may be displayed in numerous forms. Different people display varying reactions to loss based on their idea of mourning and recovery. In an example a person may cry while another may alter their eating habits. However, an rendering to loss and recovery may be explained in a theological perspective to understand the existence this part of human life and spirit.Grief can be defined as a way in which a person may react to loss. Grief is a persons way to recovery after experiencing loss of something they had a relationship with1. However, the explanation of sorrowfulness does cannot be exhausted by the und erstanding of the person relationship with what they lost. This is after the consideration that the magnitude of the loss determines the magnitude of grief one puzzles2. Does grief exist in a theological scope or is grief extensively explained just by the reaction of human nature? Does ones grief relieve them of the pain they experience when they undergo loss?It is involuntary to grief. Human nature is incorporated with characteristics that require them to adjust to their environment in an caseful of change3. The adjustment requires any mechanism that would minimize the feeling of pain4. This explains the difference in the way in which different people grieve. A person may fix from crying while another person may not heal from the same mechanism.The process of grieving is also determined by the magnitude of the loss5. Grief is influenced by the level of ones exposure to pain6. The magnitude of grief one may undergo when they lose their family member is different from one they exp erience when they

Black Swan Essay Example for Free

blackness Swan EssaySpeech problems atomic number 18 serious hardship for children as they have to cope not only(prenominal) with medical aspects of the problem, simply also with social exclusion and mockery. David Mitchell in his withstand tends to recreate the childhood from the childs viewpoint, to transmit feelings, emotions, doubts and anxieties of children. Moreover, the creator decided to show the life and hardships of a boy suffering from bodge. Children always feel embarrassed when they blow as they think they whitethorn be mocked at. The humankind of children with speech problem is delicate and breakable therefore, they are vulnerable to more stresses and anxieties.They are less confident and more reserved. That is what the author is willing to show in his parole. Jason Taylor, the main character, is a common teenager who was born in a village in Worcestershire in the year of 1982. Though he is unremarkable in appearance, he is aspiring poet. He is extreme ly gifted child with rich inner world. Jason tells the story about his school days, about problems with parents and his elder sister who irritates him constantly. However, Jason has speech problem he has a stammer and this fact makes him feel embarrassed and unconfident. Like all children Jason has secrets from his parents and school friends.He hides the fact that he is a poet and his poetry is written under the name of Eliot Bolivar. (Mitchell 2006) The author starts his novel from explaining and examining the social status of childhood. The frontmost chapters are devoted to analyzing why some children are called by their first names, some children by sort of respectful nicknames like Yardy, wheras others by their surnames and some by piss-take nicknames like Moran Moron or Nicholas Briar whos Knickerless Bra. . Its all ranks, being a boy, like the army. Mitchell shows that children are other people in the world.The book is an interesting and exciting story of a 13-year boy who se parents divorce. The author provides detailed overview of his anxieties, thoughts and reflections. Actually, the author details on the first year of his life after the divorce. It is discovered the Jasons father has another woman. As for me, the most im advocateive part of the book is when Mitchell writes about Jasons stammer stressing that this speech impediment causes lots of problems for young boy as he has to think one reprobate ahead, and if you get wind a stammer-word coming up, alter your sentence so you wont need to use it.Jason is a very sensitive and vulnerable personality and he is afraid of being labeled as Stutterboy. He hides his stammer and fears that his school friends and teachers would become aware of his speech problems. The author impressively conveys Jasons inner anxieties and feelings to the readers. The book is poignant as the author is struggling to maintenance the tension and intrigue at the desires level. (Mitchell 2006) I think that the book is a mix of genres as the author refers to social realism when showing that children with speech problems may suffer from social exclusion, and romanticism when conveying Jasons inner struggle.Mitchell vividly depicts Jasons family life. Mitchell shows his best qualifications of a caricaturist. He has a better ear for the buttery and the self-important, like Jasons father, than for the more softly spoken. For example, he claims at the dinner table The principle, o daughter of mine, is a universal constant. If you dont keep records, you cant make attainment assessments. True for retailers, true for educators, true for the military, true for any systems operator. One bright day in your brilliant career youll learn this the hard way and think, if only Id listened to my dear wise father.How right he was. Actually, Jason gets the best lines in the novel. The author chooses the child character to show the different consciousness, different attitudes and perception of the problems and anxieties . Mitchell defines childhood as inevitably the age of false notes and brashness. He outlines that children shouldnt be allowed too much knowingness. Jason is well-educated and quick-witted boy and his perception of the world is rather new-fashioned and original. For example, Jason thinks Woods dont bother with fences or borders. Woods are fences and borders.The world wont leave things be. Its always injecting endings into beginnings. The crows parascended up and off. (Mitchell 2006) Jason is also very attentive and shrewd. When he pictures that his father meets his brother-in-law, he mentions Each was wearing the jersey the otherd given him for Christmas. In such a way the author touch on the slang of Black Swans school children. (Mitchell 2006) I like the way Jason depicts love and affection, when a girl attracts him, he says Magnets dont need to understand magnetism. audition to houses breathe makes you weightless, etc. nevertheless the striking sentences and snatches of dial ogue are too often waylaid by cutesy apercus The earths a door if you press your ear against it and the narrators wish to be too cunningly callow. (Mitchell 2006) Speaking about what I have learnt from the book, firstly, I want to say that the book has made me more aware about the world children with speech problems live in. I am really impressed by Taylors pretence to see beyond his childhood. I think that boy is too clever and intelligent for his age, though he shouldnt hurry to become old.The book is very enlightening as it reveals the reality of life children wit stammer may undergo mockery and social exclusion. A child may be excellent educatee and talented personality, though children would laugh at his speech impediment. The author teaches us to be more tolerate and to think and only then to act. Moreover, I see psychological changes occurring with children after parents have divorced. I found out that children became more reserved and failed to display their true feeling s and emotions. And I think that Jasons stammer is unembellished consequence of parents divorce. (Mitchell 2006)David Mitchell wants, in my opinion, to do a very ambitious thing in this novel, which is to write a book about a young adolescent and the young adolescent as natural poet as though it was written by a young adolescent, but he hasnt quite found the voice for it. A young adolescent finding his voice by experimenting with other voices is a useful device for a novelist. But a young adolescent is even more promising for contemporary fiction because he is someone who doesnt want to be too accessible or too unpopular. Mitchells fans should see this as a transitional novel in what is already an intriguing career.The book is filled with Jasons insights and revelations. The adult world is obsessed with fame and erotic life, and, therefore, Mitchells book is of great importance as it teaches people to be more patient and tolerate towards children with speech and health problems. T he book is very impressive and it remains nobody indifferent. Mitchell shows that children are strongly affected psychologically when parents decided to divorce. Mitchells book covers all these problems stressing that children psychologically suffer from maternal split up and their speech problems may become more severe.The book is surely the ambitious study of adolescence. (Mitchell 2006) The book is relevant to the course Communication science as the auhtor discusses speech probems of Jason Taylor, in particular, stammer and its psychological affect on childs behavior. Mitchell shows that speech problems make children feel shy and self-conscious. Ccommunication is playing nowadays one of the most important roles in society because it is the core source of mutual understanding among people. Communication is the greatest luxury given to people. Works Cited Mitchell, David. Black Swan A Novel. Random House, 2006.

Property, Plant And Equipment Essay Example for Free

Property, Plant And Equipment EssayItems of property, plant, and equipment should be recognised as additions when it is probable that IAS 16.7 it is probable that the future day economic benefits associated with the addition will flow to the entity, and the address of the asset can be measured reliably.This scholarship principle is applied to all property, plant, and equipment costs at the time they are incurred. These costs include costs incurred initially to acquire or construct an item of property, plant and equipment and costs incurred subsequently to add to, flip factor of, or service it. IAS 16 does not prescribe the unit of measure for acquaintance what constitutes an item of property, plant, and equipment. IAS 16.9 Note, however, that if the cost model is utilize (see below) each part of an item of property, plant, and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item must be depreciated separately. IAS 16.43 IAS 16 recognises th at parts of some items of property, plant, and equipment may require renewal at regular intervals.The carrying amount of an item of property, plant, and equipment will include the cost of replacing thepart of such an item when that cost is incurred if the recognition criteria (future benefits and measurement reliability) are met. The carrying amount of those parts that are replaced is derecognised in accordance with the derecognition provisions of IAS 16.67-72. IAS 16.13 Also, continued operation of an item of property, plant, and equipment (for example, an aircraft) may require regular major(ip) critical reviews for faults regardless of whether parts of the item are replaced.When each major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant, and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. If requi commit, the estimated cost of a future similar inspection may be used as an indication of what the cost of the existing inspection component was when the item was acquired or constructed. IAS 16.14Initial MeasurementAn item of property, plant and equipment should initially be recorded at cost. IAS 16.15 Cost includes all costs necessary to bring the asset to working condition for its int devastationed use. This would include not only its original purchase price but also costs of site preparation, delivery and handling, installation, related professional fees for architects and engineers, and the estimated cost of dismantling and removing the asset and restoring the site (see IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets). IAS 16.16-17If payment for an item of property, plant, and equipment is deferred, interest at a marketplace rate must be recognised or imputed. IAS 16.23 If an asset is acquired in exchange for another asset (whether similar or dissimilar in nature), the cost will be measured at the fair foster unless (a) the exchange transaction lacks commercial s ubstance or (b) the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable. If the acquired item is not measured at fair value, its cost is measured at the carrying amount of the asset given up. IAS 16.24Measurement Subsequent to Initial RecognitionIAS 16 permits two accounting modelsCost Model. The asset is carried at cost less accumulated dispraise and impairment. IAS 16.30 Revaluation Model. The asset is carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of revaluation lesssubsequent depreciation and impairment, provided that fair value can be measured reliably. IAS 16.31 The Revaluation ModelUnder the revaluation model, revaluations should be carried out regularly, so that the carrying amount of an asset does not differ materially from its fair value at the balance sheet date. IAS 16.31 If an item is revalued, the entire class of assets to which that asset belongs should be revalued. IAS 16.36 Revalued assets are depreciated in the sa me way as under(a) the cost model (see below). If a revaluation results in an increase in value, it should be credited to other comprehensive income and accumulated in comeliness under the heading revaluation surplus unless it represents the reversal of a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognised as an expense, in which cutting it should be recognised as income. IAS 16.39A decrease arising as a result of a revaluation should be recognised as an expense to the boundary that it exceeds any amount previously credited to the revaluation surplus relating to the same asset. IAS 16.40 When a revalued asset is disposed of, any revaluation surplus may be transferred directly to retained earnings, or it may be left in equity under the heading revaluation surplus. The transfer to retained earnings should not be made through the income statement (that is, no recycling through profit or loss). IAS 16.41Depreciation (Cost and Revaluation Models)For all depreciable assetsThe depreciable amount (cost less respite value) should be allocated on a systematic basis over the assets useful life IAS 16.50. The residual value and the useful life of an asset should be reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, any change is accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate under IAS 8. IAS 16.51 The depreciation method used should reflect the pattern in which the assets economic benefits are consumed by the entity IAS 16.60The depreciation method should be reviewed at least per annum and, if the pattern of consumption of benefits has changed, the depreciation method should be changed prospectively as a change in estimate under IAS 8. IAS 16.61 Depreciation should be charged to the income statement, unless it is include in the carrying amount of another asset IAS 16.48. Depreciationbegins when the asset is available for use and continues until the asset is derecognised, even if it is idle. IAS 16.55Recove rability of the Carrying AmountIAS 36 requires impairment testing and, if necessary, recognition for property, plant, and equipment. An item of property, plant, or equipment shall not be carried at more than recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets fair value less costs to fail and its value in use. Any claim for compensation from third parties for impairment is included in profit or loss when the claim becomes receivable. IAS 16.65Derecogniton (Retirements and Disposals)An asset should be removed from the balance sheet on disposal or when it is withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. The gain or loss on disposal is the difference between the proceeds and the carrying amount and should be recognised in the income statement. IAS 16.67-71 If an entity rents some assets and then ceases to rent them, the assets should be transferred to inventories at their carrying amounts as they become held for sale in the ordinary c ourse of business. IAS 16.68ADisclosureFor each class of property, plant, and equipment, disclose IAS 16.73 basis for measuring carrying amount depreciation method(s) useduseful lives or depreciation ratesgross carrying amount and accumulated depreciation and impairment losses reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and the end of the period, showing additionsdisposalsacquisitions through business combinationsrevaluation increases or decreasesimpairment lossesreversals of impairment lossesdepreciationnet foreign exchange differences on supplantingother movementsAlso disclose IAS 16.74restrictions on titleexpenditures to construct property, plant, and equipment during the period contractual commitments to acquire property, plant, and equipment compensation from third parties for items of property, plant, and equipment that were impaired, lost or given up that is included in profit or loss If property, plant, and equipment is stated at revalued amounts, certain additio nal disclosures are required IAS 16.77 the effective date of the revaluationwhether an free valuer was involvedthe methods and significant assumptions used in estimating fair values the extent to which fair values were determined directly by reference to observable prices in an active market or recent market transactions on arms length terms or were estimated using other valuation techniques for each revalued class of property, the carrying amount that would have been recognised had the assets been carried under the cost model the revaluation surplus, including changes during the period and any restrictions on the distribution of the balance to shareholders

Data Collection Plan Essay Example for Free

Data accruement Plan EssayAbstractPostoperative Pulmonary complications (PPC) such as atelectasis, impaired gas exchange, pneumonia and acute respiratory failure (ARF) atomic number 18 not uncommon in patients undergoing major surgery and are a leading pass water of increased patient morbidity, mortality and increased length of hospital stay (Yoder, Sharma, Hollingsworth, Talavera, Rice, 2013). Healthcare professionals are now expected to give patients verifiably telling preachings by implementing sure evidence based practice (EBP). In order to do so, preventives to prevent PPCs must be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding inducement spirometry (IS) to conventional postoperative chest physiotherapy (CPT) and respiratory care. Eighty patients betwixt 30 and 50 year old who had undergone surgery crashicipated in the study. Patients were divided into two groups the intervention group where IS was used in addition to the traditio nal CPT, and the control group which included only traditional CPT. The results obtained in the investigation indicated that there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study in terms of PPCs and hospital length of stay (LOS). Conclusion Addition of IS to postoperative care helped in domineering PPCs. Keywords postoperative pulmonary complication, incentive spirometer, chest physiotherapy, length of StayResearch QuestionIn postsurgical patients, how does using incentive spirometer, compared to not using incentive spirometer, regard incidence of PPCs and hospital LOS?HypothesisBecause the risk for developing PPCs is not well studied specific numbers of occurrences are difficult to predict. However, it was hypothesized that patients who incorporated IS as part of their postoperative care would have a clinically significant decrease in the occurrence of PPCs and hospital LOS compared to those who did not incorporate IS into their postoperative care. Data CollectionA quasi-experimental control trial was conducted from February 1, 2014 to May 31, 2014. The lead researcher, Adrienne Hinson, collected the data personally. During the four month study, eighty patients ranging in age from 30 to 50 daytimes old who were undergoing surgery where the abdomen or chest was opened were selected randomly from the General Surgery Department at McLeod Regional Medical Center in Florence, SC. On sampling days, patients meeting the criteria were numbered chronologically based on their surgery time. For eighty consecutive business days, one of the patients was chosen randomly using a random numbers table created on Microsoft Excel. Patients who had recently been diagnosed with or treated for acute pulmonary complications, those who could not be instructed or supervised to assure arrogate use of the IS, and patients whose cooperation or comprehension was lacking were excluded from the study.All appropriate procedures were used to safeguard the right s of study participants. The study was externally reviewed by the hospitals institutional review board before data collection began. Patients received verbal and written explanations of the study purpose and data collection procedures and after indicating willingness to participate in the study, voluntary advised consent was obtained (See Appendix A). instruction included within the informed consent included participant status participants were told which postoperative activities were routine, and which activities were being evaluated. Participants were informed that the data collected about them would be used for research purposes. The overall goals of the research, to evaluate to addition of IS to postoperative care, was described to patients. Participants were informed about which types of data would be collected, what procedures they would undergo, and how they were selected. The time frame of the commitment was defined as beginning on post-op day one and lasting until their f ollow upvisit after discharge. Information regarding funding was available to participants. All participants were educated on potential risks and benefits of participation. Finally, patients were assured that their privacy would be protected at all times and that they would be allowed to conduct from the study at any point during their hospital stay (Polit Beck, 2012).The patients were deliberately placed into one of two experimental groups. Deliberate placement reduces confounding by ensuring the two groups were comparable when age, sex, smoking history, type of surgery and post-operative analgesia were compared. The control group consisted of 40 patients who underwent routine chest physiotherapy (CPT) postoperatively, as recommended by the Clinical work out Guidelines set forth by The Agency for Healthcare Research Quality (2011). A physiotherapist supervised and assisted the treatment twice a day in the first two postoperative days and once a day from the third to the tenth da ys. During any session, the patients performed three to five deep breaths interspersed with periods of unruffled breathing followed by two or three coughs or huffs with support from a pillow at least 10 times over a 15 minutes period. Additional techniques such as positioning and chest wall percussion were applied if breathing and coughing exercises alone were not effective in clearing excessive or retained pulmonary secretions. Patients were instructed to perform coughing and deep breathing exercises independently every hour while awake. The treatment group consisted of the remaining 40 patients who also followed the same Clinical Practice Guidelines but also received breathing exercise training with IS (Voldyne Volumetric fabricate by Sherwood Medical Company U.S.A.)In addition to the routine chest physiotherapy up to the tenth postoperative day. Application of breathing training with incentive spirometry was applied for five minutes, five times a day (El-Marakby et al., 2013). Monitoring began immediately postoperatively and continued until discharge. Hospital LOS was documented for each patient, along with whether or not the patient developed a PPC within 10 days of surgery. The researcher rounded on each hospitalized patient daily to ensure respect and to update discharges and PPC diagnoses. In order to determine LOS, participant observation was used as a tool to collect data. LOS was calculated by subtracting day of admission fee from day of discharge. Date of admission was the date of surgery for all participants. Date of discharge was determinedby the surgical teams, who were blinded to the study and therefore measures are not likely to be influenced by reactivity (Polit Beck, 2012). PPCs were defined as any pulmonary abnormality that produced identifiable disease or dysfunction, was clinically significant, and adversely affected the postoperative clinical course (Hayden, Mayer, Stoller, 1995). Patients were monitored daily for 10 days for the di agnosis of a PPC.Given this definition, PPCs documented included atelectasis, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, and irritation of COPD. Along with physical assessment and past history, biophysiological measures were used as data collection tools to aid in the diagnosis of PPCs (See Appendix C). Equipment and lab analysis were quick available and tests for biophysiological measures were completed by the appropriate staff at McLeod Regional Medical Center. Ordering tests and the interpretation of results was fulfilled solely by the healthcare providers as deemed necessary. The researchers were not responsible for diagnosing PPCs, but rather the observation and recording of data. Biophysiological measures for diagnosing acute respiratory failure include a low direct of oxygen a pulse oximetry falling below 80% saturation on room air or when arterial blood gas shows PaO2.

Waste Management Practices Of Mcdonalds Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste Management Practices Of Mcdonalds Environmental Sciences EssayMcDonalds is one of the largest and most well cognise global unfaltering(a) nutrition eating houses. Ray Kroc is the founder of the company in the year 1955. The company has been operating for 55 years and has 32000 restaurants chain in to a greater extent than 117 countries. More than 75% of McDonalds worldwide bylets are operated by franchisees or affiliates (Our Company 2010). There are 1.5 one thousand million employees worldwide working to serve 50 million worldwide customers each day (McDonalds Restaurants Ltd, 2006). Over the many years, millions of people pee patronage McDonalds because it is a trusted name with proven service. In returning that loyalty, McDonalds have an obligation to give back to the community (SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, 2010). McDonalds supports Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC), animal welfare, food safety and purlieu (SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, 2010).This essay shall examine how Mc Donalds has performed in the relation to the surroundings curiously drive away guidance practices. The public of the current age are concerned about the amount of advancement and food devour produced by McDonalds restaurants (Better incase with McDonalds, 2009). A survey conducted by Keep Britain Tidy that about 29% of the litter waste on the Britain Street was come from the McDonalds restaurant (Gray, L 2009). Therefore, one of the beat out solutions channelisen by McDonalds is manage the waste through waste management practices, which is involving in reduction, reuse, recycling and disposal (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). As one of the largest fast food restaurants worldwide, McDonalds has become an environment leader. Hence, McDonalds is determined to analyze every aspect of their business on their impaction on the environment and according to the analysis and seek strong ways to enhance the environment. McDonalds is hoping to survive and stay in a clean envir onment where the air, water and the earth are clean and as well systema skeletale an environment sound world to the future generation ().McDonalds has done a variety of different as compared to the past and current performance. In the past, McDonalds used the polystyrene effervesce as package food. Many environmentalists dislike polystyrene foam because the production of foam will release out the chlorofluorocarbon, which can damage the atmosphere. The foam also to take long time to break down, if at all, in landfills, which is where most of it winds up because there are relatively few recycling centers ( ). Besides, McDonalds was required 46 grams of packaging in average meal- a Big Mac, fries and a shake in year 1970 (Case A McDonalds Environmental Strategy, 1995). In addition, there was no industrial scale recycling before (Rose, 2009). Further more than, McDonalds did not practice the exercise of converting the waste into energy.Nowadays, McDonalds has found many alternative ways to enhance the environment performance in term of the waste management practices. Firstly, McDonalds has replaced the polystyrene foam by the using paper based-wraps in ordering to reduce the waste volume in the waste management process (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). The replacement is because of consumers demand and heeding counsel of environmental groups (Liddle, A 1990). McDonalds major markets, about 83% of the packaging used for food, beverages and other consumer purposes is made of whatever form of paper (McDonalds general Corporate Responsibility Report, 2006). Another is the reduced amount of material used in each item of packaging (our environment, 2008). Thirdly, McDonalds recycles packaging waste and recycles used cooking oil in waste management practices (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities, 2010). Fourthly, proper disposal waste programs are been carried out to manage the food waste once the McDonalds cannot reduce, reuse and recycle the waste (our environment, 2008). Recent year, McDonald in UK has a trial tested out an alternative method of disposal, which by converting the food waste to energy (Managing the impacts of the leftovers, 2010). DavidFairhurst, senior vice president for McDonalds UK Northern Europe said that the converting waste to energy is back up that has already reduced the environmental impact in the area by 48% and significant step on achieving zero waste to landfill (Thomas, D 2009)Currently, McDonalds brings a lot impact upon the society and stakeholder. McDonalds replaces the foam to paper wraps, which make up 70% to 90% reduction in sandwich packaging volume (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). Besides, McDonalds also reduce the amount of material used in the packaging, which indicate little raw material use and thus less solid waste produce (our environment, 2008). For example, in 2005, McDonalds redesigned the inside of North American fry boxes, which make up more th an 1,100 tons packaging waste saved per year (McDonalds Worldwide Corporate Responsibility Report, 2006).Furthermore, McDonalds in Unite State has recycled over 17 tons of corrugate cardboard per year (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities 2010). Corrugate cardboard represent around 30% of the total restaurant waste and as result of recycling, divert the amount of waste from landfills. McDonalds has an father of achieving to recycle 100% of their corrugated cardboard (our environment, 2008). By the way, about 10% of the total restaurant wastes come from the used cooking oil and McDonalds has converted into biodiesel (our environment, 2008). McDonalds in United State has recycled approximately 13,000 pounds of used cooking oil per year. Currently, more than 80% of the used oil in Europe has transformed into biodiesel (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities 2010). As a result, it is stopped the used cooking oil from send to lan dfills. (Please consolidate and present it in a more systematic way.)In addition, the trial of converting the waste to energy has been successfully reduction 54% percent of carbon run as audited by the Carbon trustfulness (Brass, E 2009). The amount of waste save from landfill could be 65 tones if the restaurants continue implement this disposal. For the energy generate from the waste provide enough heat and electrical energy to the building (Managing the impacts of the leftovers, 2010). For instance, in UK the energy generate from the food waste, which able to power the 22 million light bulbs to community (Brass, E 2009).Now let localise on the payoffs and disadvantages of McDonald practices in the waste management. The major advantage through the waste management practices is reduced the greenhouse gas emission. Methane especially one of the greenhouse gases which mostly generate by the landfills operation and bring harmful effects to the environment and human health. Therefo re, the key factor success of lower down the gases emission is determined by the greater recycle wastes, increased amount of waste recovery and incineration combined with energy production (Improved waste management delivering climate benefits, 2008). Another advantage of the waste management practices is generated a livable environment to society (Waste government activity Methods Advantages and Disadvantages n.d.). It is because people can exist and live in a comfort environment with free of waste. . (are there any scholarly proof to support this statement?) is to help to reduce the amount of waste. Through the waste management practices, McDonalds has send less waste to landfill and ultimately less waste occupy the landfillHowever, there are some disadvantages of the waste management practices. The major disadvantage is contaminated the environment (Waste Disposal Methods Advantages and Disadvantages n.d.). The utilities of papers as packaging especially are unfriendly to the e nvironment in the waste management practice. It is because there will increase the environment impact in production of paper packaging item.An analysis conducted by the Franklin Associates, an independent environmental research firm that the production between polystyrene foam and paper toward the environment impact. The result show that the manufacturing of paper containers especially make up 46 percent more air contamination, 42 percent more water pollution and 75 percent more industrial waste than that of plastic. Made predominantly of air, paper requires 30 percent more energy to produce than foam (Eckhardt, A 1998). Therefore, the using of paper actually leads the pollution occur. Consequently, global warming especially occurs once the pollution getting severe and serious. Besides, the disadvantage of the waste management practices is shape the people health. The process of convert the waste to energy need go through the incineration, which may emit the harmful gases into the environment that hazardous to residents health, as the emission smoke is invisible and smelly. Undoubtedly, it brings the negative impact to society (Krishna, G 2006).As conclusion, the waste management practices should be adopted to manage the waste in order to provide the healthy and clean environment to the society. The social performance of McDonalds in relation to the environment has tremendously contributed. Even though the elimination of waste from the fast food restaurants is impossible, some effective and efficiency of alternative methods should also seek in order to reduce and prevent the waste from being engulfed the earth. If the large fast food company like McDonalds does not control the waste produce from the restaurant and save the planet, people will surely perish themselves one day.

Household Appliance Engineering Report: Standing Fan

Household Appliance Engineering Report Standing FanHousehold appliancesEngineering reportMaking of carry fan. receivable date24/03/2017The introduction This report explores and examines the history and evolution of the stand fan detailing how they work and the materials employ. The purpose of the report is to illustrate the functions and special features as tumefy as to try information about the social, environmental, sustainability and cultural connection that rose due to development and use of the stand fan. As the time progressed, technologies prevail drastically changed, the use of polymers and smaller sized powerful pushs have allowed the stand fan to be lighter as well as improved operation and lowered the manufacturing cost when compared to heavy metals and bigger motors used in the past. a stand fan is a common household appliance used for chilling an area it is basically a traditional fan set on an adjustable rod cell which is attached to a base, it also contains a t least 3 wind speed range.The earliest model of fans appeared during the 1800s it was basically a bipolar motor attached to a six-leaf wrought flat brass blades. These early fans were both a unique, or an expensive appliance, used in large offices or wealthy homes. The decade of 1910-1920 brought major changes. Around 1910, electric fans were being made for residential use, they had six wings and ran on slower speed and the cages were now made with steel due to lack of brass as well as the blades were locomote in shape and shrank from diameter of 8 down to 5.Description A stand fan is a common household appliance they are oft more effective and popular than other table fans as it can be adjusted to move up and down as well as its head oscillates till 180 degree or remain steady pointing at one direction. A stand fan is just like a normal table fan but its set on an extendable pole which is attached to a base. It has three speed settings and an on off tone ending usually named as 0. This type of fans is usually placed at a corner of the room or in an advantageous location to achieve not bad(p) cooling experience.2.1 How it worksStand/pedestal fan works with the help of an electric motor. A motor consists of coil of wire wrapped around a metal center and when electricity is passed through this, it produces rotational motion and a hub/cap connects the motor with the metallic/ pliable blade which circulates the air around, these blades are shaped on an angle which helps to carry air from one point to another. The control box contains four switches three to control speed and one to turn the fan on or off. The extendable pole can be used to increase or slack the height of the fan.2.2 AssemblySlide the 2-off base tail sections together.Remove the screws from the center of the base cross section, and then fasten the fan pillar in position.Now unscrew and remove the charge plate retainer that locks the dickens support sections together slide over and fit th e plastic base subdue.Set the height of the extension pole and then lock into position with the plastic screwed retainer.Set the motor and switch control section over the extension pole and secure into position with the locking screw.Remove shaft protecting cover and unscrew guard retaining nut/hub/cap anti-clockwise and remove.Take the rear-guard section and slide it over the threaded screw on the fan body (make sure, the handle on the guard is facing upwards).Screw on the plastic nut/hub/cap to secure the rear guard in place.Push the blade on to the motor shaft until it reaches the stop.Screw on the blade retaining cap/hub/nut in a clockwise direction to secure the blade in position.Hook the cause guard on to the rear-guard section at the top.Secure the two guard sections together with the clips around the edges. The screw and nut at the bottom of the grille essential be fitted. atomsGuard (rear and front grill) it is a metal netting used to protect fan blades from any physica l contact this protects the fan from any persecute as well as the exploiter.Motor it is the heart of the fan as it converts the applied electrical energy into mechanical output energy.Blade these are the teeter shaped objects connected to the motor which spins and creates airflowHub/cap it is a device which connects the fan blade with the motor.Extension pole this is the component that makes stand fan special, it allows the user to adjust the height of the fan according to their preference.Head support frame this component gives the stand fan its feature of tilting its head up or down. pitch box/ control box this is the component which contains the electric circuit and switches which controls the speed of the fan as well as turn it on or off.ComponentMaterial made frombladesPolymer/aluminumRear and back grillsteelExtendable polePolypropylene polymer/ metalScrewsMetal (carbon steel/stainless steel) and plastic3.1 MaterialsmaterialscomponentWhy it is used?Polymer/plastic-blad es-Screws-Hub/nut/cap-switch-it is used because plastic would be more safer and cheaper than metals as well as it will decrease the weight of the fan.Metal (carbon steel/stainless steel)-extension pole-screw-guard (front and back grill)-it is used to make the product more durableAdvantages and disadvantages4.1 AdvantageThey are very effortless to assemble also put them away when you are not using it as you can separate the components good.You can move them around the house easily and put them in an advantageous location.Due to its extendable pole, you can adjust its height according to your preference.It is cheap and you can assemble it yourself.Theyre lightweight and can provide cool air over large area.They can be easily cleaned.4.2 disadvantageTheyve less safety for children as they might stick their finger inside(a) the grill.Cooling range is smaller.theres too much noise when the fan runs in higher speed.Impact on societyThis household appliance had a great impact on the soc iety and peoples life. As before the invention of pedestal/stand fan there was only mechanical fans which required people to do energy physically to cool the temperature or circulate air. When pedestal/stand, fan was invented it made peoples life way easier. During the early stage of the invention these fans were only used in big offices or wealthy homes but when refrigerated air was used in commercial buildings the fan makers focused more towards residential use. thence these types of fans started to appear at everyones home. The invention of pedestal/stand fan made life of the people more easier as they were cheaper and easy to assemble as well as it didnt need much maintainance.ConclusionThe making of the stand fan and different materials used in the stand fan has been explored in this report. Pedestal/stand fan is usually made of polymers and metals like stainless steel, aluminum. They are more advantageous than other table or ceiling fans due to its extendable pole which allow s the user to increase and decrease its height according to their preference and also because its cheaper than ceiling fans as well as it is easy to assemble.

What Are The Mechanisms Of Ozone Depletion Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Mechanisms Of Oz hotshot Depletion Environmental Sciences EssayThe mechanism of global warming ceaseister be described by the Greenhouse resultant role by which, solar radiation enters by dint of the Earths atmosphere and is retained, resulting in increase temperatures. Solar radiation entering the Earths atmosphere is partially absorbed by the Earths come shape up and partially re-radiated back into space. However, having lost vigour to the Earths surface, the infr ard radiation is of an change magnitude wavelength and is consequently absorbed by certain blow outses ( babys room turgidnessses) in the Earths atmosphere. This results in the radiation cosmos recycled at heart the Earths atmosphere, lead story to an change magnitude average temperature of the Earths near surface air and oceans.Ozone depletion is a result of the catalysed reactions mingled with ozone and atomic chlorine or bromine. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and bromofluorocarbons have the sup erlative ozone depleting probable as they stage atomic chlorine and bromine upon photodissociation.Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide stern be considered to have the greatest global warming potential due to their abundance. From these gasses, nitrous oxide is 310 times more than effective in absorbing radiation than carbon dioxide, and methane is 21 times more effective than carbon dioxide.What is the discrepancy between winter and summer smog? Explain the mechanism by which they are generated.Winter and summer smog can be differentiated by their constituents and thus their environmental violations. Winter smog is made up of sulphur dioxide, partially oxidised organics and particulate matter (PM), the concentrations of which are typically increased in winter months due to increased heating from sulphur rich fogey give notices such as coal and oil. It is also referred to as minify smog. These pollutants can collide with the respiratory system and clay secondary pol lutants. Sulphur dioxide can form erosive rain from oxidation catalysed by PM or free radicals of group O and north.Summer, or photochemical smog, tends to occur as a result of increased nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbon concentrations in the atmosphere due to exhausts from internal combustion engines. atomic number 7 oxides can be broken down by sunlight to form radicals ca utilise low level ozone formation, nitric acid, peroxides, aldehydes and ketones.Both types of smog are more credibly to form in cities and as a result of neglect of wind. The lack of air movement can result in a temperature eversion which causes a layer of still warm air to cover a layer of cool air, trapping either pollutants below the warm layer near ground level.What is the difference between stratospheric and tropospheric ozone? Explain the role of dark in the generation of tropospheric ozone.The ozone layer typically occurs in the stratosphere and is naturally formed and decomposed from the reacti ons between group O and atomic number 8 free radicals which are formed from the decomposition of oxygen by ultraviolet light light. The stratosphere is typically located from around 20 to 50 km preceding(prenominal) the Earths surface. The occurrence of ozone at this level helps absorb harmful ultraviolet light.Tropospheric ozone refers to ozone occurring in the troposphere (up to 12 km above the Earths surface). Ozone at this level can be ruinous and also acts as a greenhouse gas with a heat trapping effectiveness of 2000 times greater than CO2.The breakdown of nitrogen dioxide by ultraviolet light can lead to the formation of oxygen free radicals. no. = NO + O*O* + O2 = O3Describe the mechanisms for acid rain and eutrophication, respectively. What are the effects of these 2 environmental impacts?Acid rain is primarily formed from SOx and dark. Sulphur oxides are oxidised in the presence of ultraviolet light to form sulphur trioxide gas, through reacting with water, this ca n then form acid rain in the form of sulphurous acid and/or sulphuric acid. Nitrogen oxides are oxidised to nitrogen dioxide which may then lead to the reaction between water and nitrogen dioxide allowing for the formation of nitric and nitrous acid. Acid rain can effect vegetation, lakes and rivers, buildings and benevolent health.Eutrophication is the cover that occurs due to excessive growing of habitats to an extent where the growth becomes destructive to the environment. Use of artificial fertilisers from farming leads to increased levels of nitrates and phosphates accumulating in lakes and rivers. The nitrates and phosphates are nutrients that increase the growth of plants and algae. When these plants and algae die they can decompose aerobically to form carbon dioxide and water. With excessive decomposition, oxygen will be depleted and anaerobic decomposition will occur, leading to formation of hydrides such as ammonia and enthalpy sulphide. More species will die due to poi soning caused by the hydrides and may eventually lead to the finis of the entire habitat.Which of the above environmental impacts do nitrogen oxides have to? Explain how.Nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of acid rain either in the form of nitric or nitrous acid.Upon absorbing ultraviolet light nitrogen dioxide breaks down to form nitrogen oxide and oxygen radicals. These radicals can combine with water to form hydroxyl radicals which may then react with nitrogen oxide to form nitric acid.Air pollution bar and controlWhat picks exist for the prevention and clean-up of acid gas emissions?Emissions of nitrogen oxides can potentially lead to the formation of acid rain, with several options available for its prevention and clean-up. These primarily include selective catalytic reduction (SCR), non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR), and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR).The power application uses SCR for post-combustion NOx clean up and/or low NOx burners and SNCR for prevention of NOx formation in the combustion stage. SCR involves reacting ammonia or urea with NOx over vanadium oxide catalysts in a temperature range of 300 to 400 C and can exact up to 95 % of NOx. SNCR involves injecting ammonia/urea in the furnace at temperatures of 900 to 1100 C, with a remotion qualification of only around 30 %.Non-selective catalytic reduction removes NOx in a method analgous to the three-way catalytic converter used in the automotive industry. This is typically applied in the chemical industries.Sulphur oxides can also lead to acid rain. Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) plant involves scrubbing the gasses to remove sulphur oxides. For example, limestone scrubbing is one method of FGD, which converts sulphur oxides into calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum).Which stages in the life cycle of an installation must be considered within the IPPC Directive?All stages of the life cycle should be considered i.e. from cradle to grave. In set out to provide an i ntegrated approach, no stage can be left out, and a full assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts should be carried out for the raw(a) materials, edgeing, storage and transportation system stages involved.Which industrial sectors are regulated by the IPPC Directive? Why do you think these sectors have been include under the IPPC Directive?The industries cover by the IPPC directive includeEnergy ProductionRefineriesProduction changeing of MetalsProduction of Cement LimeActivities involving AsbestosGlass, Glass roughage and other Mineral Fibre ManufactureCeramic ProductionOrganic Inorganic Chemical ProductionFertiliser Biocide ManufacturePharmaceutical ManufactureExplosives ManufactureStorage of Bulk ChemicalsIncinerationLandfill composing ManufactureTar Bitumen ProcessesCoating, Printing and Textile ActivitiesDye, Ink and Coating Material ManufactureTimber ActivitiesRubber ActivitiesProcessing of Food andIntensive Farming.These sectors have been include d under the Directive due to the fatality of controlling and limiting the environmental impact these industries can have during the manufacturing process of their relevant products. cutting study discloseing lam for the prevention and control of NOx emissionsNitric acid manufactureWhat influences the yield of nitric acid? Why is it important to maximise its yield?The yield of nitric acid is effected byThe efficiency of the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen monoxideThe efficiency of the oxidation of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxideThe concentration of nitrogen dioxide in water to produce nitric acidMaximising its yield allows for an efficient production thus generating more nitric acid at the resembling run be to master larger profits. Maximising yield means minimising unreacted nitrogen oxide which is consequently released to atmosphere.Why are the reaction (6) and the reverse of reaction (4) undesirable in this process?The reverse of reaction 4 results in a lo wer NO2 yield as the reaction will tend towards the NO and O2 through a shift in equilibrium to the reactants. As the dousing of NO2 is limited by NO2 concentration, it is desirable to ensure the forward reaction in reaction 4 occurs in order to maximise HNO3 yield. In addition to this, the occurrence of a reverse reaction (4) in which NO is formed allows for the possibility of nitrous acid formation (reaction 6). Again this is undesirable as NO2 is consumed in producing an unwanted product, consequently leading to a lower NO2 concentration and lower HNO3 yields.In addition to NOx and N2O emissions, what other releases to air, water and land can be expected from nitric acid manufacture? What environmental impacts can these releases cause?Carbon dioxide emissions from burning fogey fuels for energy requirements and transportation should be accounted for, as healthful as ammonia, nitric acid, nitrous acid leakages.Pollution prevention and control of NOx emissionsPollution preventio n Process design and operationThe efficiency of NO2 absorption to produce HNO3 can be increased further by increasing pressure. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pressurised systems in terms of their expert complexity, environmental impacts (including noise) and economic costs.As stated, the briny advantage of a pressurised system is the improved absorption of NO2 to produce HNO3, this results in less NO2 being released to the atmosphere. However, pressurised systems require a more complex design as a result of the serious safety considerations associated with them. Failure of pressurised systems can lead to death or injury of workers on-the-spot(prenominal) as well as the release of NO2 to atmosphere.Pressurised systems would require increased compression and pumping duties, contributing to increased noise pollution, operating(a) costs and maintenance costs. The absorption tug may not have been designed for higher pressures, i.e. materials of construction, column thic kness, and column closures may not be suitable, and thus changes would have to be made, resulting in increased capital costs. These costs must be compared with the improved nitric acid yield in order to fully asses this option.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of supplying pure oxygen instead of air for oxidation of NO in the HNO3 absorption tower. Address the following issuesWhat are the advantages of using pure oxygen instead of air in terms of oxidation efficiency, gas flowrates, column volume etc?Using pure oxygen rather than air (21% oxygen, 79% nitrogen), allows for the volumetric gas flowrate of this stream to be lessen by 79% due to the elimination of nitrogen. This results in an improved oxidation efficiency, allowing more NO2 to be formed by reducing the amount of NO. The reduced gas flowrate results in a reduced column volume, assuming a constant gas hourly space velocity.Unlike air, oxygen does not come for free it has to be produced by separating nitrogen from air (you may remember this from the last years coursework on Waste Water Treatment within the module Introduction to Sustainable Development). This is usually done in a large scale cryogenic process (separation by cooling). What are the implications of this in the background of IPPC (i.e. taking into account all life cycle stages associated with this process option)?The cryogenic separation of oxygen from air is a highly energy intensive process. The main stages of the process include compression, cooling, and distillation. From a life-cycle perspective, the raw material (air) is free however, it is the processing stage which incurs the majority of environmental impact. Energy is required in the compression and distillation stages of the process, thus, assuming energy is obtained from fossil fuel sources, greenhouse gas emissions become a concern. Further to this, the requirement of refrigeration may have environmental impacts depending on the refrigerant used. Transportation of t he oxygen to the nitric acid plant may have potential impacts however, in analogy to the processing stage, any environmental impacts are likely to be relatively small. Therefore the production of oxygen does have an environmental impact to an extent however, the IPPC does not apply to this industry, so due to the lack of IPPC regulation in the sector inefficiencies or environmental concerns may indirectly effect the nitric acid manufacturing process. The key concern of using pure oxygen is the additive cost.Pollution prevention Extended absorptionExplain the idea behind extended absorption. What is the link between the number of transfer units (NTU) in the HNO3 absorption tower and the NOx emissions?Extended absorption (EA) allows for any unreacted nitrogen dioxide to be absorbed in a second tower, thus increasing nitric acid production and reducing NOx emissions. Oxygen can also be injected to oxidise any nitrogen monoxide so that it can be absorbed in the clean absorption colum n. An increase in NTU in the HNO3 absorption tower results in lower NOx emissions.How would you exercise the required bloom of the absorption column to increase the HNO3 production yield and reduce the emissions of NOx from the manufacture of nitric acid? What information and data would you need to do that? (See the Appendix.)In order to calculate the required height of the absorption column, the NTU must be calculated. This requires the gas mole fraction at the top of the column (yT) and at the bottom (yB). The gradient of the operating line, R is also required, this is obtained from the equilibrium of the operating line, the molar gas flowrate, and the molar liquid flowrate per unit tower area.This value is then multiplied by the height of a transfer unit which is given byWhere G is the molar gas flowrate per unit tower area, ky is the overall mass transfer coefficient, and a is the interfacial area per unit packed volume.Height = HTU x NTUPollution control Absorption in atomic number 11 hydroxideIPPC requires consideration of wider impacts of an activity, which means consideration of a number of life cycle stages of a process. In the case of NOx scrubbing by sodium hydroxide, what parts of the life cycle must be included for flit assessment? Analysing this system, explain why absorption of NOx in NaOH is unlikely to represent BAT.All stages of the life cycle must be considered for a through and exhaustive analysis of BAT assessment. The final stage of the life-cycle for the sodium hydroxide scrubbing option is a key concern. The disposal of the sodium nitrite-nitrate effluent is a key concern. If no suitable disposal or recycle method can be identified for the effluent, then along with the increased costs incurred from NaOH feedstock and increased pumping, this option does not represent BAT.Pollution control Non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR)Non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR) is quite efficient in reducing the emissions of NOx from the manuf acture of nitric acid. However, it also generates additional environmental impacts. Identify these impacts for hydrogen and natural gas as reducing agents, respectively, and explain the origin of these impacts.The requirement of a reducing agent such as hydrogen and natural gas has significant environmental implications. Hydrogen is likely to have been produced from steam reforming of fossil fuels, and natural gas is a fossil fuel, indeed, consideration should be given to the process of extracting the fossil fuel, transporting it and processing it. In the case of hydrogen, the processing stage is likely to be a key concern as it is an energy intensive process which results in further emissions and additional environmental impacts. For example, steam reforming of methane to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide is an endothermic reaction requiring heat generated often from burning fossil fuels. However, using methane as a reducing agent leads to the formation of CO2 in the process.Ca lculate the amount of carbon dioxide in t/yr generated in the NSCR process which removes 1.5 t NO2/day from the nitric acid tail gas using natural gas. Calculate the potential for global warming from these CO2 emissions. Compare that with the global warming avoided by the remotion of the equivalent amount of N2O per day from the same tail gas. What do you shut down?2CH4 + O2 + 2NO2 +2N2O = 2CO2 + 4H2O + 3N2Mass of NO2 = 1500 kg/dayMolecular weight of NO2 = 46.01 kg/molMoles of NO2 = 32.60 kmol/dayMoles of CO2 = (2/2) * Moles of NO2 = 32.60 kmol/dayMolecular Weight of CO2 = 44.01 kg/kmolMass of CO2 = 1.4 t CO2/dayAssuming that the plant is operational for 365 days per year, the annual amount of carbon dioxide generated by the NSCR process can be estimated as 524 tonnes per year.N2O has a heat trapping effectiveness of 150 times that of CO2 thus the saving made by converting N2O to CO2 is substantial with regards to global warming potential. The N2O produced would be equivalent to 7 8,551 tonnes of CO2 per year.Use the example in the previous misgiving to calculate the equivalent acidification impact that would be avoided by the remotion of NOx with the NSCR process. Compare this avoided impact with global warming generated through the use of natural gas to remove the NOx. What do you conclude? How should we approach situations like these, where reducing one environmental impact causes another?The classification factor for NOx is estimated as 0.7 kg/kg. Therefore acidification savings can be estimated as 1050 kg/day which is equivalent to 383 tonnes per year. In comparison to the 524 tonnes of CO2 produced per year, it can be noted that the reduction of the acidification impact does not outweigh the CO2 produced in the process.Pollution control Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)What are the main environmental and safety concerns associated with the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process?SCR typically uses ammonia or urea to catalytically convert nitroge n oxides to molecular nitrogen and water however, the production of these reactants have key environmental considerations. ammonium hydroxide production typically involves steam reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock such as natural gas or naphtha. Thus, fossil fuel depletion and the issues surrounding fossil fuel extraction, transportation and processing are all key sustain world power concerns. However, ammonia produced from naphtha would be more of a concern than ammonia produced from natural gas due to the additional amend process from which it is produced. Ammonia production also involves the emission of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.Gas preheating also has an impact on energy requirements and thus greenhouse gas emissions.On-site ammonia or urea storage would be required any leakages of ammonia could prove fatal as it is toxic upon inhalation. particle accelerator disposal may also have various environmental impacts depending on the toxicity of the used catalyst.Why is it i mportant to minimise ammonia slip from the SCR process for NOx control?The occurrence of ammonia slip results in inefficient use of feedstock. Costs can be notably reduced by ensuring marginal ammonia slip throughout operation. Ammonia may also react with other compounds to form unwanted products. For example, ammonium bisulphate formation in power industry often results in damage to air heaters. Therefore, this should be further investigated for the application of nitric acid production to ensure any unwanted compounds are not formed. Further to this, as ammonia is toxic, any ammonia slip would result in release to atmosphere therefore potential health concerns exist.Balancing environmental and economic costsWhat would be your answer to the above question on the comparison between SCR and NSCR?From table 2, it is evident that SCR can provide an improved NOx remotion (exit level of 100 ppm) in comparison to NSCR (205 PPM) however, SCRs failure to remove N2O may be a key concern whe n compared to NSCR which does remove the compound. However, unlike NSCR, SCR does not result in significant CO2 emissions. The economics of both options demonstrate that when combined with EA, NSCR is significantly more expensive than SCR and only provides an improvement of 0.3 %. Therefore SCR would be chosen over NSCR.Analyse the data shown in Tables 3 and 4 and make your own choice of BAT for NOx prevention and control. Explain and release your choice.The significant costs of NSCR in comparison to SCR would result in increased nitric acid prices, to the extent where it would not be profitable to manufacture. The small gains in removal efficiency made using NSCR over SCR with EA do not justify the large difference in price therefore, the choice of BAT is between EA and EA with SCR. With EA adding a cost 230 per tonne of acid, and EA+SCR adding a cost of 880 per tonne of acid, from an economic perspective it would be most suitable to chose EA due to its high NOx removal of 94.8 %. However, the improved removal efficiency of SCR (98.5%) does allow for an argument to be made for its choice as BAT. With regards to cost, EA+SCR does provide increased costs and lower profits however, its ability to sufficiently meet IPPC targets cannot be overlooked, thus for this reason, it should be chosen as BAT.The social implications of the pollution prevention and control techniques have not been considered above. Can you divulge them for each option? Do the social considerations change your choice of BAT?Both EA and EA+SCR share common social implications such as the construction of new plant absorption column for EA, and a reactor for SCR. This involves construction vehicles travelling through the area, resulting in increased noise pollution. Other social impacts of EA are borderline as an increased compression requirement may result in slightly increased noise pollution. If energy is generated on-site for the compressors, then higher greenhouse gas emissions may be a concern. With regards to SCR, ammonia slip is a key concern, as the gas is toxic when inhaled. Further to this, the energy required for gas pre-heating also contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Overall the EA option proves more suitable in terms of reducing social impacts and so this would be the option for BAT.Choosing BATWhy do you think the company has chosen to consider these two options and not any other described above?Choosing to modify the absorption column in order to operate at higher pressures would be a lot cheaper than employing the extend absorption option which would require the construction of an additional column, thus resulting in increased capital and operational costs. In addition to this, this option would be chosen over the NaOH absorption process, again due to the increased capital costs resulting from an additional absorption tower and the increased operational costs incurred from a NaOH feed. Increasing operating pressure does not have any sig nificant on-site environmental releases/impacts other than an increased compression duty. SCR may have been chosen due to its ease to be retrofitted and its high removal efficiency. In comparison to other options, SCR provides the best performance for NOx removal.Choosing BAT Environmental considerationsConsider the LCA results shown in Figure 5 and answer the following questionsWhy do you think the SCR option has higher fossil fuel and ozone depletion than the base case?The requirement of natural gas for the production of ammonia is likely to be the primal cause of increased fossil fuel depletion for SCR. NOx formed during ammonia production may also be a cause of the increased ozone depletion associated with SCR. In addition to this, ammonia slip may result in ammonia being released to atmosphere which then reacts with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate.The fact that SCR is crack for some impacts but worse for the others when compared with the base case makes it more difficult to chose BAT. If you as a plant operator had to choose between these two options, which one would you choose? Justify your choice by discussing the significance of global impacts (such as ozone depletion and fossil fuel depletion) and regional and local impacts (such as acidification and photochemical smog).In comparison to the base case, SCR only has a slightly higher fossil fuel and ozone depletion whereas other impacts such as acidification and sympathetic toxicity are significantly reduced through using SCR. As efficiencies are made in the ammonia production process, SCR could potentially have a reduced impact on fossil fuel depletion. In addition to this, the production of ammonia using energy from renewable sources is also an option to reduce fossil fuel depletion, as well as the ability to generate hydrogen from the electrolysis of water using renewable energy.Based purely on environmental considerations, which process out of the three options (base case, HP and SCR) would y ou choose as BAT? Explain why.Based only on the environmental considerations, HP demonstrates BAT. In comparison to the base case and SCR, HP has the least environmental impact for fossil fuel depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, photochemical smog, and human toxicity.Compare now the SCR and HP options in terms of the level of NOx emissions that they can achieve. Which process would you as an operator choose? Why?The HP modification has a removal efficiency of 84%, removing 1202 ppm of NOx however, SCR has a greater removal efficiency of 93%, removing 1332 ppm of NOx. As the base case plant produces 1432 ppm of NOx per hour, the outlet concentrations for the HP and SCR modifications are 230 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. SCRs effectiveness in removing NOx is notably greater than that of the HP option therefore, from an operational point of view, SCR would be chosen.Combine both the environmental impacts and the levels of NOx emission that each option can achiev e and make an overall choice of BAT. Justify your choice by taking into account the IPPC principles.Both options satisfy the IPPC principles to a certain extent. However, HP has greater contour than SCR with the IPPC principles. HP and SCR both provide protection for the environment as a whole by reducing NOx emissions from the nitric acid plant. Although, SCR has improved removal efficiency over HP, the impact of ammonia production fails to demonstrate SCR as the BAT in comparison to HP in this case. HP provides a break-dance case for pollution prevention, by reducing NOx formation throughout the process whereas SCR demonstrates a case for pollution control. As prevention is preferred to control, HP again provides the better option. In providing a balance between the environment, economics and social impacts, HP provides the better option. Significant reductions in global warming potential, acidification and human toxicity are made through employing HP over SCR, with notable gain s in reducing fossil fuel depletion, ozone depletion and photochemical smog. Although SCR demonstrates an improved NOx removal efficiency, overall, the environmental impact as a whole can be reduced by employing HP modifications. Further to this, the income generated by HP modifications, can contribute to further plant modifications leading to improved process efficiencies. Therefore, considering its wider compliance with IPPC principles HP would be chosen as BAT.Choosing BAT Socio-economic considerationsChoose your preferred NOx prevention or control option considering the internal (MAC) and external costs (MDC) shown Tables 6 and 7. Justify your choice.With regards to the marginal abatement costs (MAC) for NOx emissions, the HP option clearly proves to be the more attractive option due to the savings made ( MAC = -92 per ppm). The surplus energy generated and increase in acid produced leads to improved revenue which consequently reduces the operating cost of the plant. However, SCR increases operating cost by 225 per ppm of NOx removed. In order to asses if SCRs improved removal efficiency can justify such a cost, the marginal damage cost of both options was compared. The results indicate that MDC due to NOx emissions was lower for SCR ( 35,770 per year) than for HP ( 82,320 per year). However, the MDC fails to consider environmental impacts other than NOx emissions. If costs were considered for the impacts of ammonia production, it is likely that the MDC for SCR would be much higher. Considering this, HP was chosen as the best option.Choosing BAT The whole pictureList all criteria relevant for choosing BAT in the above case study. On the basis of the results obtained, rank the three options in order of their desirability. You may wish to create a ranking table, duty assignment a number to each technology to indicate the order of preference on a scale from 1-3 (e.g. number 1 indicates the best option and 3 the worst) this ranking should be done for each criterion you have listed.NOx removal efficiency/Marginal Damage CostsSCRHPBase CaseMarginal Abatement CostsHPBase CaseSCRLife-Cycle Environmental ImpactsHPSCRBase CaseCompliance with IPPC PrinciplesHPSCRBase CaseIdentify BAT for the conditions of this case study, assuming that you are Head of Engineering and Technology Division in a company. Justify your choice.Based on the criteria listed in question 1, HP demonstrates the most suitable option for IPPC compliance, reducing overall environmental impacts as well as providing savings in operating costs. Although SCR has a greater NOx removal efficiency, HP is consistently and in some cases significantly better than SCR in reducing environmental impacts such as fossil fuel depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, photochemical smog, and human toxicity. In addition to this, choosing HP not only reduces the plants environmental impact, but allows for improved energy generation onsite. Therefore, gains in efficiency ca n be made, reducing reliance on volatile energy prices. The HP option does not require additional feedstock, unlike SCRs ammonia requirement, and is therefore not as directly exposed to price fluctuations. Thus, the option of HP modification is econo