Understanding Fearful Avoidant Attachment Style

Individuals with a  fearful avoidant attachment style desire close relationships, but feel uncomfortable relying on others and fear being let down. Fearful avoidant is one of four key styles of attachment proposed by psychologist John Bowlby, who developed attachment theory.   Key Takeaways: Fearful Avoidant Attachment Attachment theory is a theory in psychology that explains how and why we form close relationships to other people.According to attachment theory, our early experiences in life can cause us to develop expectations that affect our relationships throughout our lives.Individuals with a fearful avoidant attachment style worry about being rejected and are uncomfortable with closeness in their relationships.Having a fearful avoidant attachment style is linked to negative outcomes, such as a higher risk of social anxiety and depression as well as less fulfilling interpersonal relationships.Recent research suggests that it’s possible to change one’s attachment style and to develop healthier ways of relating to others. Attachment Theory Overview When studying the interactions between infants and their caregivers, Bowlby noticed that infants had a need to be in close proximity to their caregivers and that they often became quite distressed when separated. Bowlby suggested that this response was part of an evolved behavior: because young infants are dependent upon parents for caregiving, forming a close attachment to parents is evolutionarily adaptive.  Ã‚   According to attachment theory, individuals develop expectations about how other people will behave  based upon  those early attachments.  For example, if a childs parents are generally responsive and supportive when he or she is distressed, attachment theory would predict that the child would become a trusting adult. On the other hand, a child whose parents responded inconsistently or negatively might have difficulty trusting others upon reaching adulthood.   The 4 Attachment Styles Generally speaking, there are four different prototypical attachment styles that can explain our attitudes and beliefs about relationships: Secure.  Individuals with a secure attachment  style feel comfortable trusting others. They see themselves as worthy of love and support and are confident that others will support them if they need help.Anxious (also known as preoccupied or anxious-ambivalent). Anxiously attached individuals want to rely on others, but worry that others won’t support them in the way that they want. According to psychologists Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz, anxiously attached individuals typically have positive evaluations of other people but tend to doubt their self-worth, which causes them to seek out the support of others but also worry about whether their feelings for others will be reciprocated.Avoidant (also known as dismissing-avoidant). Avoidant individuals  tend to limit the closeness of their relationships and feel uncomfortable relying on other people. According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, avoidant individuals typically have positive views of themselves but believe that other people can’t be counted on. Consequently, avoidant individuals tend to remain independent and often try to avoid any form of dependence.Fearful avoidant.  Individuals  with a fearful avoidant attachment style have characteristics of both anxious and avoidant individuals. Bartholomew and Horowitz write that they tend to have negative views of both themselves and others, feel unworthy of support, and anticipate that others will not support them. As a result, they feel uncomfortable relying on others despite a desire for close relationships. Most people do not  fit the attachment style prototypes perfectly; instead, researchers measure attachment style as a spectrum. In attachment questionnaires, researchers give participants questions measuring both their anxiety and avoidance in relationships. Anxiety  survey items include statements such as, â€Å"Im afraid that I will lose my partners love,† while avoidance survey items include statements like, I  dont feel comfortable opening up to romantic partners.† On these measures of attachment, fearful avoidant individuals  score highly on both anxiety and avoidance. Roots of the Fearful Avoidant Attachment Style If parents are not responsive to a childs needs, the child may develop a fearful avoidant attachment style. Psychologist  Hal Shorey writes that people with fearful avoidant attachment styles may have had parents who responded to their needs in threatening ways or who were otherwise unable to care for and comfort the child. Similarly, researcher Antonia Bifulco  found that fearful avoidant attachment is  linked to childhood abuse and neglect. However, some research suggests that fearful avoidant attachment style may have other origins as well. In fact,  in one study  conducted by  Katherine Carnelley and her colleagues, the researchers found that attachment style was related to participants’ relationships with their mothers when they looked at college student participants. However, among a group of older participants, researchers did not find the expected link between early experiences and attachment. In other words, while early life experiences do affect attachment style, other factors may also play a role. Key Studies Some research suggests that fearful avoidant attachment style is connected to  an increased  risk of anxiety and depression. In a study conducted by Barbara Murphy and Glen Bates at the Swinburne University of Technology in Australia, researchers compared attachment style and symptoms of depression among 305 research participants. The researchers found that fewer than 20% of participants had a fearful avoidant attachment style, but, among participants whom the researchers categorized as depressed, the prevalence of fearful avoidant attachment was much higher. In fact, nearly half of  participants categorized as depressed displayed a fearful avoidant attachment style. Other research has corroborated these findings.   Psychologists have found that individuals  with secure attachment styles tend to self-report  healthier and more satisfying relationships than insecurely attached individuals. In a study conducted by noted attachment researchers  Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver, researchers asked participants questions  about their most important romantic relationships. The researchers found that secure participants reported having relationships that lasted longer than avoidant and anxious participants’ relationships. Because fearful avoidant attachment style encompasses elements of both anxiety and avoidance, this particular attachment style can lead to interpersonal difficulties. For example, Shorey writes that people with a fearful avoidant attachment style want close relationships, but may pull away because of their anxieties and worries about relationships. Changing Attachment Style According to recent research, the negative outcomes of fearful avoidant attachment style are not inevitable. Individuals can utilize therapy to change relationship behavior patterns and cultivate a more secure attachment style. According to  the Greater Good Science Center, therapy  provides an outlet for understanding ones attachment style and practicing  new ways of thinking about relationships. Additional research has found that being in a relationship with someone who is securely attached can be beneficial to those with less secure attachment styles. In other words, people with less secure attachment styles may gradually become more comfortable if they are in a relationship with someone who has a secure attachment style. If two individuals who are not securely attached find themselves in a relationship together, it has been suggested that they may benefit from couple’s therapy. Healthier relationship dynamics are possible by coming to understand ones own attachment style as well as the attachment style of ones partner. Sources and Further Reading Bartholomew, Kim. â€Å"Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective.† Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 7.2 (1990): 147-178. http://www.rebeccajorgensen.com/libr/Journal_of_Social_and_Personal_Relationships-1990-Bartholomew-147-781.pdfBartholomew, Kim and Leonard M. Horowitz. â€Å"Attachment Styles Among Young Adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61.2 (1991): 226-244. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b60/00ae9911fa9f9ec6345048b5a20501bdcedf.pdfBifulco, Antonia, et al. â€Å"Adult Attachment Style As Mediator Between Childhood Neglect/Abuse and Adult Depression and Anxiety.† Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41.10 (2006): 796-805. http://attachmentstyleinterview.com/pdf%20files/Adult_Att_Style_as_Mediator.pdfCarnelley, Katherine B., Paula R. Pietromonaco, and Kenneth Jaffe. â€Å"Depression, Working Models of Others, and Relationship Functioning.† Journal of Personality and Soc ial Psychology 66.1 (1994): 127-140. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126643Djossa, Erica. â€Å"Is There Hope for the Insecurely Attached?† Science of Relationships (2014, June 19). http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2014/6/19/is-there-hope-for-the-insecurely-attached.htmlâ€Å"The Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised (ECR-R) Questionnaire.† http://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/Attachment-ExperienceinCloseRelationshipsRevised.pdfFraley, R. Chris. â€Å"Adult Attachment Theory and Research: A Brief Overview.† University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Department of Psychology (2018). http://labs.psychology.illinois.edu/~rcfraley/attachment.htmHazan, Cindy, and Phillip Shaver. â€Å"Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52.3 (1987): 511-524. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a7ed/78521d0d3a52b6ce532e89ce6ba185b355c3.pdfLaslocky, Meghan. à ¢â‚¬Å"How to Stop Attachment Insecurity from Ruining Your Love Life.† Greater Good Magazine (2014, Feb. 13). https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_to_stop_attachment_insecurity_from_ruining_your_love_lifeMurphy, Barbara, and Glen W. Bates. â€Å"Adult Attachment Style and Vulnerability to Depression.† Personality and Individual Differences 22.6 (1997): 835-844. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886996002772Shorey, Hal. â€Å"Come Here-Go Away; the Dynamics of Fearful Attachment.† Psychology Today: The Freedom to Change (2015, May 26). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-freedom-change/201505/come-here-go-away-the-dynamics-fearful-attachment

Philosophy Moral Foundations 154 Reflection Paper Essay

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Gentrification Of Downtown Kansas City - 1856 Words

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Welfare And Health Care Reform - 1527 Words

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Comparing the Great Gatsby and Winter Dreams - 2747 Words

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Effects Of Motivation On Employee Productvity In Wesfarmers

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Motivation on Employee Productvity in Wesfarmers. Answer: Introduction Background of proposed research: Employee productivity is prerogative in any corporate and non corporate organization in order to streamline the flow of operations and services. Several parameters influence the productivity of human capital, primary among them being monetary incentives along with motivation. Research Aims and Objectives: The research intends to focus upon impacts of employee motivations upon labor turnover of Wesfarmers. The study aims towards application of human resource models along with survey among past and present employees of Wesfarmers in order to evaluate the causes and subsequent repercussions of employee motivation. Research Questions and Problem Statement: Whether monetary appraisals are adequate to prevent high employee turnover? Whether non monetary appraisals play a role in affecting employee motivation? Whether gender of employee affects the level of workplace motivation? The accessibility issues pertaining to the large employee base of Wesfarmers limits the scope of collecting responses from both current and ex-employees. Rationale of the study: Present studies fail to explain the motivation level of employees engaged in the retail and service industry. Moreover, the explanation in available literature is limited on the issues behind high employee turnover in the aforementioned industry. Therefore, I intend to evaluate the factors that impacting the motivation level of employees at Wesfarmers. Figure 1: Contents of the proposal (Source: As created by the author) Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction Over a period of 40 years numerous set of studies based on psychology and human resources management came up, however, in terms of factors delving into level of employee turnover in services industry, available literatures fail to adequately address the issue. Thereby, it can be inferred that a new set of research on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that motivates the employee can be useful towards policy formulation by business managers and human resource management. Selected researches on motivation Multiple researches conducted on employee motivations have provided numerous attributes to employee motivations. Frederick Hertzberg has postulated the dual factor theory of workplace motivation inferring that different sets of jobs profile that are heterogeneous in nature comprises the level of satisfaction along with dissatisfactions. In Hertzbergs theory employee motivation is dependent upon motivators and hygiene factors (Ramlall, 2012). Motivator factors related to employee motivation through various forms of diversity and inherent job satisfactions. Whereas, hygiene factors comprise of monetary and non monetary privileges provided to the employees in the form of salary, monetary increments and workplace environment. Review of published literature in terms of employee motivation propounds that expectations regarding non monetary incentives, intrinsic incentives pertaining to job role and magnitude of job responsibilities along with performance feedback are the independent factors influencing the level of employee motivation. Provision of performance evaluation is counterproductive is restraint of adequate organization framework that compliments feedback by employees Chaudhary and Sharma (2012) In addition to that Van De Voorde et al. (2012) mentions holistic approach with regards to the employee rewarding structure, the non financial increments in terms of increased supervision along with promotional activities and exposure to different sets of job responsibilities tends to enhance the workplace motivation of employees. Moreover, Mikkelsen et al.(2014) mentions that payment as per performance enhances the level of productivity among present employees motivating them to increase efficiency, however if no incentive ceiling is maintained such payment structure can diminish co-operations among employees in turn diminishing motivation and intrinsic job satisfaction among employees. Manzoor (2012) mentions that the quantum of alignment of employee goals with that of the employer organization ensures streamlining of work flows through incremental levels of motivation. In terms of placing strain on the employees there ought to be a trade off as regards to adequate degree of compensation both in terms of financial increments along with non monetary incentives through allocating the higher number of leaves, higher degree of assistance at workplace along with increased job opportunities. Relevant Theories: McGregors Theories: McGregor suggests that organizations comprises of hierarchical pyramids pertaining to human nature coupled with motivation. Moreover, McGregor inferred that as regards to the theory of hierarchical needs it has several drawbacks that pertains to the adaptability of the theory universally. In contrast McGregor propounds another theory that takes into and environment conducive to growth and coordination among employees. Therefore, in case of a situation where high turnover ratio is the norm in an organization, the employers should focus upon following a mix of dual set of theories. Informal work groups: Lzroiu (2015) proposes that informal work groups tends to provide incremental levels of productivity and reduces the overall levels of workplace dissatisfaction. Moreover, an informal environment tends to reduce communication bottlenecks thereby providing enhanced sets of feedback mechanism and employee redresses in turn complimenting the level of motivation among employees. Chapter 3: Research Methodology Research onion: Figure 2: Research Onion (Source: Elnaga and Imran, 2013) Research onion is a graphical representation of different sets of primary and secondary activities as regards to the research undertaken. Research Philosophy: The current research seeks to follow a positivism approach as objective of the research pertains to evaluation of evidences regarding employee motivation level in case of Wesfarmers. Moreover, as the research seeks to provide conclusions based upon real facts therefore positivism approach is better suited as compared to realism or interpritivism. Research Approach: The research shall follow a deductive approach of research as the author seeks to follow a top down approach with regards to collection and analysis of data. Moreover, formulation of hypothesis have been made and appropriate qualitative methods are required to be deployed with regards to hypothesis testing against sets of evidences to be collected regarding proposed research. Research Design: Descriptive research design is required to be followed in the current case as responses collected from the participants in the research, the present and ex-employees of Wesfarmers, are required to be kept unaltered in order to come up with unbiased inferences. Data Collection Process: In case of current study primary data collection method is required to be applied. The data required in order test the hypothesis is currently unavailable from secondary sources. Therefore, through primary data collection method the analysis regarding the motivation of employees are taken into account. Data is required to be collected through online survey by distribution of questionnaires to the current and former employees of the company. Sampling Method: The method to be followed for the sampling of data pertains to non probabilistic purposive sampling. Sample Size: In terms of number of the respondents, sample size pertaining to proposed research is taken at 45 in order in collect responses from the current and ex-employees of Wesfarmers. Ethical Consideration: The research shall be made with genuine data sets collected from authentic respondents who are currently working or have previously worked at Wesfarmers and manipulations as regards to data along with preparation of biased set of survey questionnaires are prevented. . Summary The proposal focuses upon examining impact of employee motivation on productivity and follows a deductive approach of research. Moreover, survey of employees of Wesfarmers is planned to be conducted in order to collect primary evidence on impact of motivation through non probability sampling. Expected Outcomes: The current study would be able to provide insights into the correlation among the labor productivity with level of motivation infused into the workers. Moreover, the research will be able to evaluate the effectiveness of financial and non financial increments on the motivation level of employees. Moreover, the proposed study also examines whether gender of employees affects the level of motivation. References: Chaudhary, N. and Sharma, B., 2012. Impact of employee motivation on performance (productivity) in private organization.International Journal of Business Trends and Technology,2(4), pp.29-35. Cherian, J. and Jacob, J., 2013. Impact of self efficacy on motivation and performance of employees.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.80. Elnaga, A. and Imran, A., 2013. The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), pp.137-147. Lzroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), pp.97-102. Manzoor, Q.A., 2012. Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), p.1. Mikkelsen, M.F., Jacobsen, C.B. and Andersen, L.B., 2014. Managing employee motivation: Exploring the connections between managers' enforcement of command systems, employee perceptions, and employee intrinsic motivation.International Public Management Journal. Ramlall, S., 2012. A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations.Journal of American Academy of Business,5(1/2), pp.52-63. Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J. and Van Veldhoven, M., 2012. Employee well being and the HRMorganizational performance relationship: a review of quantitative studies.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.391-407.

Management Backup and DR Powerful and Secure Platform

Question: Describe about the Management Backup and DR for Powerful and Secure Platform. Answer: Introduction Cloud platform is a powerful and secure platform that provides secure data access to its users. Cloud computing is a practice of using a network of remote servers that are hosted on internet to manage, store and process data. Use of cloud is important to run business at global level. But at cloud platform various risk of security and privacy are encountered by users due to hacking, phishing and denial of service attacks, Besides this, various other issues regarding remote administration, SLA management and resource management can also occurred, if all requirements will not be followed by users (Ali, 2014). Discussion In this segment of report, we will emphasize on all above listed important concepts regarding cloud platforms. (Support.microsoft.com, 2016) Management and Remote Administration The most important requirement of Child Protection Company is to perform remote locations and communications on cloud networks. To achieve this goal, company has to know about requirements of remote administration implementation (Castsoftware.com, 2016) Remote Administration This mechanism allows cloud users to perform their administrative activities and administrative tasks on remote locations easily and quickly. There are some requirements that necessary to fulfill: Cloud services must be settled and configured properly by cloud providers. Only then better services can be provided to cloud based users. Leasing cost and cost of service usage must be managed by cloud service providers properly. So that users can get service at reasonable price. IT resource provisioning must also be planned and evaluate properly. Capacity of cloud services that are provided to users must be planned properly. Resource Management Resource management program is used to expose APIs that are commonly used in cloud platforms for performing activities to access remote systems and to store data on those systems. The basic platform that is used by resource management is virtual machine image repository platform. To implement resource management properly following requirements are necessary to fulfill. Administrator portal that will be used by administrator. An effective user interface for managing various resource management tasks at internal level. SLA Management All commercially available products of cloud computing are represented by SLA management. SLA stands for Service Level Agreement which is an important agreement for all service providers and they have to follow this. The main features of these products are collection, storage, runtime, administration, reporting and notification about SLA data. For deploying this essential SLA management mechanism following requirement are necessary to fulfill. First requirement is of repository to store and retrieve SLA data. This data is important because it is collected from different information sources. The system that used to collect SLA data, monitoring of that system is very much necessary, because on the behalf of this data decision making is done. Backup and DR While providing cloud services to users, it is necessary for cloud providers take care about backup and data recovery (Technet.microsoft.com, 2016). Application Resilience When an application responds to one of its components and provide best service then it is known as application resilience. This is a testing process which is also known as non-function testing. The main purpose of this process is to make every component in an infrastructure more reliable and efficient. Application resilience will be helpful to achieve goal of Child Protection Company to maintain security and privacy of every component on cloud infrastructure. Application resilience is helpful to evaluate failures and security risk factors that can occur over network. Cloud providers must implement application resilience in Child Protection Company and other companies to enhance security and privacy of data. For data exchange services, application resilience is important. Backup and Disaster Recovery Backup and disaster recovery is an important concept and it is necessary to prevent data from loss or damage. Due to network vulnerabilities important data can be lost. The protection of that data is necessary. In this case, backup and disaster recovery can provide help. On cloud platform, a huge amount of data is sending and receiving by users, in this case, unauthorized users always try to access their information such as personal or credit card information. Besides this, they conduct malware attacks on network that destroy whole database. In this case if we have backup of data into another computer, then data can be saved. It is also an important scheme to protect exchanged data files over network from vulnerable attacks. Evaluation of SLA SLA is an important mechanism to deal with cloud products that are used for storing and accessing data from remote locations. SLA must be followed by cloud providers and it ensures that accurate service is provided by providers to users. There are some guidelines of SLA for cloud platform that are required to follow by providers: (Salesforce.com, 2016) First guideline of cloud platform defines that essential characteristics of cloud computing are demand self-service and broad network access. Besides this, Software-as-a-Service, Platform-as-a-Service and Infrastructure-as-a-Service are four models of cloud platform. The deployment models of cloud should be public and hybrid. Service level agreement must be followed by cloud services. Security and privacy level objectives must be fulfilled by cloud providers for maintaining confidentiality, integrity and availability of data on cloud platform. Proper and accurate data management is also necessary. Cloud service provider must have code of conduct and security certification. Conclusion This report will be helpful for management of Child Protection Company to underhand important factors of cloud computing. Through this report, company can know about actual requirements of remote and resource management and why Service Level Agreement is considered important for service providers. The importance of data backup is also discussed here, so technical experts of Child Protection Company must understand above discussed important information about cloud platform. This will help to maintain long term security of data on cloud platform. References Technet.microsoft.com. (2016). Backup, restore, and disaster recovery. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/mt697598(v=exchg.160).aspx Ali. (2014). Cloud Management Mechanisms. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://www.slideshare.net/SajjadAliMOHAMMED/cloud-management-mechanisms Salesforce.com. (2016). Cloud Computing, collaboration software, cloud technology - Salesforce India. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://www.salesforce.com/in/cloudcomputing/ Castsoftware.com. (2016). Application Resiliency - Defined. (2016). Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://www.castsoftware.com/glossary/application-resiliency Support.microsoft.com. (2016). Overview of maintenance, backup, and disaster recovery for Exchange Server. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/272234