Grief Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

affliction - Research Proposal ExampleThe process of acquiring is do balanced by the fact that we must loose. All relationships, objects or positions we acquire in life must be taken away or determine a phase that eliminate the effectiveness of the relationship. The loss is painful to the human life and we involuntary develop a process that tends to react to the loss. The reaction may be displayed in numerous forms. Different people display varying reactions to loss based on their idea of mourning and recovery. In an example a person may cry while another may alter their eating habits. However, an rendering to loss and recovery may be explained in a theological perspective to understand the existence this part of human life and spirit.Grief can be defined as a way in which a person may react to loss. Grief is a persons way to recovery after experiencing loss of something they had a relationship with1. However, the explanation of sorrowfulness does cannot be exhausted by the und erstanding of the person relationship with what they lost. This is after the consideration that the magnitude of the loss determines the magnitude of grief one puzzles2. Does grief exist in a theological scope or is grief extensively explained just by the reaction of human nature? Does ones grief relieve them of the pain they experience when they undergo loss?It is involuntary to grief. Human nature is incorporated with characteristics that require them to adjust to their environment in an caseful of change3. The adjustment requires any mechanism that would minimize the feeling of pain4. This explains the difference in the way in which different people grieve. A person may fix from crying while another person may not heal from the same mechanism.The process of grieving is also determined by the magnitude of the loss5. Grief is influenced by the level of ones exposure to pain6. The magnitude of grief one may undergo when they lose their family member is different from one they exp erience when they

Black Swan Essay Example for Free

blackness Swan EssaySpeech problems atomic number 18 serious hardship for children as they have to cope not only(prenominal) with medical aspects of the problem, simply also with social exclusion and mockery. David Mitchell in his withstand tends to recreate the childhood from the childs viewpoint, to transmit feelings, emotions, doubts and anxieties of children. Moreover, the creator decided to show the life and hardships of a boy suffering from bodge. Children always feel embarrassed when they blow as they think they whitethorn be mocked at. The humankind of children with speech problem is delicate and breakable therefore, they are vulnerable to more stresses and anxieties.They are less confident and more reserved. That is what the author is willing to show in his parole. Jason Taylor, the main character, is a common teenager who was born in a village in Worcestershire in the year of 1982. Though he is unremarkable in appearance, he is aspiring poet. He is extreme ly gifted child with rich inner world. Jason tells the story about his school days, about problems with parents and his elder sister who irritates him constantly. However, Jason has speech problem he has a stammer and this fact makes him feel embarrassed and unconfident. Like all children Jason has secrets from his parents and school friends.He hides the fact that he is a poet and his poetry is written under the name of Eliot Bolivar. (Mitchell 2006) The author starts his novel from explaining and examining the social status of childhood. The frontmost chapters are devoted to analyzing why some children are called by their first names, some children by sort of respectful nicknames like Yardy, wheras others by their surnames and some by piss-take nicknames like Moran Moron or Nicholas Briar whos Knickerless Bra. . Its all ranks, being a boy, like the army. Mitchell shows that children are other people in the world.The book is an interesting and exciting story of a 13-year boy who se parents divorce. The author provides detailed overview of his anxieties, thoughts and reflections. Actually, the author details on the first year of his life after the divorce. It is discovered the Jasons father has another woman. As for me, the most im advocateive part of the book is when Mitchell writes about Jasons stammer stressing that this speech impediment causes lots of problems for young boy as he has to think one reprobate ahead, and if you get wind a stammer-word coming up, alter your sentence so you wont need to use it.Jason is a very sensitive and vulnerable personality and he is afraid of being labeled as Stutterboy. He hides his stammer and fears that his school friends and teachers would become aware of his speech problems. The author impressively conveys Jasons inner anxieties and feelings to the readers. The book is poignant as the author is struggling to maintenance the tension and intrigue at the desires level. (Mitchell 2006) I think that the book is a mix of genres as the author refers to social realism when showing that children with speech problems may suffer from social exclusion, and romanticism when conveying Jasons inner struggle.Mitchell vividly depicts Jasons family life. Mitchell shows his best qualifications of a caricaturist. He has a better ear for the buttery and the self-important, like Jasons father, than for the more softly spoken. For example, he claims at the dinner table The principle, o daughter of mine, is a universal constant. If you dont keep records, you cant make attainment assessments. True for retailers, true for educators, true for the military, true for any systems operator. One bright day in your brilliant career youll learn this the hard way and think, if only Id listened to my dear wise father.How right he was. Actually, Jason gets the best lines in the novel. The author chooses the child character to show the different consciousness, different attitudes and perception of the problems and anxieties . Mitchell defines childhood as inevitably the age of false notes and brashness. He outlines that children shouldnt be allowed too much knowingness. Jason is well-educated and quick-witted boy and his perception of the world is rather new-fashioned and original. For example, Jason thinks Woods dont bother with fences or borders. Woods are fences and borders.The world wont leave things be. Its always injecting endings into beginnings. The crows parascended up and off. (Mitchell 2006) Jason is also very attentive and shrewd. When he pictures that his father meets his brother-in-law, he mentions Each was wearing the jersey the otherd given him for Christmas. In such a way the author touch on the slang of Black Swans school children. (Mitchell 2006) I like the way Jason depicts love and affection, when a girl attracts him, he says Magnets dont need to understand magnetism. audition to houses breathe makes you weightless, etc. nevertheless the striking sentences and snatches of dial ogue are too often waylaid by cutesy apercus The earths a door if you press your ear against it and the narrators wish to be too cunningly callow. (Mitchell 2006) Speaking about what I have learnt from the book, firstly, I want to say that the book has made me more aware about the world children with speech problems live in. I am really impressed by Taylors pretence to see beyond his childhood. I think that boy is too clever and intelligent for his age, though he shouldnt hurry to become old.The book is very enlightening as it reveals the reality of life children wit stammer may undergo mockery and social exclusion. A child may be excellent educatee and talented personality, though children would laugh at his speech impediment. The author teaches us to be more tolerate and to think and only then to act. Moreover, I see psychological changes occurring with children after parents have divorced. I found out that children became more reserved and failed to display their true feeling s and emotions. And I think that Jasons stammer is unembellished consequence of parents divorce. (Mitchell 2006)David Mitchell wants, in my opinion, to do a very ambitious thing in this novel, which is to write a book about a young adolescent and the young adolescent as natural poet as though it was written by a young adolescent, but he hasnt quite found the voice for it. A young adolescent finding his voice by experimenting with other voices is a useful device for a novelist. But a young adolescent is even more promising for contemporary fiction because he is someone who doesnt want to be too accessible or too unpopular. Mitchells fans should see this as a transitional novel in what is already an intriguing career.The book is filled with Jasons insights and revelations. The adult world is obsessed with fame and erotic life, and, therefore, Mitchells book is of great importance as it teaches people to be more patient and tolerate towards children with speech and health problems. T he book is very impressive and it remains nobody indifferent. Mitchell shows that children are strongly affected psychologically when parents decided to divorce. Mitchells book covers all these problems stressing that children psychologically suffer from maternal split up and their speech problems may become more severe.The book is surely the ambitious study of adolescence. (Mitchell 2006) The book is relevant to the course Communication science as the auhtor discusses speech probems of Jason Taylor, in particular, stammer and its psychological affect on childs behavior. Mitchell shows that speech problems make children feel shy and self-conscious. Ccommunication is playing nowadays one of the most important roles in society because it is the core source of mutual understanding among people. Communication is the greatest luxury given to people. Works Cited Mitchell, David. Black Swan A Novel. Random House, 2006.

Property, Plant And Equipment Essay Example for Free

Property, Plant And Equipment EssayItems of property, plant, and equipment should be recognised as additions when it is probable that IAS 16.7 it is probable that the future day economic benefits associated with the addition will flow to the entity, and the address of the asset can be measured reliably.This scholarship principle is applied to all property, plant, and equipment costs at the time they are incurred. These costs include costs incurred initially to acquire or construct an item of property, plant and equipment and costs incurred subsequently to add to, flip factor of, or service it. IAS 16 does not prescribe the unit of measure for acquaintance what constitutes an item of property, plant, and equipment. IAS 16.9 Note, however, that if the cost model is utilize (see below) each part of an item of property, plant, and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item must be depreciated separately. IAS 16.43 IAS 16 recognises th at parts of some items of property, plant, and equipment may require renewal at regular intervals.The carrying amount of an item of property, plant, and equipment will include the cost of replacing thepart of such an item when that cost is incurred if the recognition criteria (future benefits and measurement reliability) are met. The carrying amount of those parts that are replaced is derecognised in accordance with the derecognition provisions of IAS 16.67-72. IAS 16.13 Also, continued operation of an item of property, plant, and equipment (for example, an aircraft) may require regular major(ip) critical reviews for faults regardless of whether parts of the item are replaced.When each major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant, and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. If requi commit, the estimated cost of a future similar inspection may be used as an indication of what the cost of the existing inspection component was when the item was acquired or constructed. IAS 16.14Initial MeasurementAn item of property, plant and equipment should initially be recorded at cost. IAS 16.15 Cost includes all costs necessary to bring the asset to working condition for its int devastationed use. This would include not only its original purchase price but also costs of site preparation, delivery and handling, installation, related professional fees for architects and engineers, and the estimated cost of dismantling and removing the asset and restoring the site (see IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets). IAS 16.16-17If payment for an item of property, plant, and equipment is deferred, interest at a marketplace rate must be recognised or imputed. IAS 16.23 If an asset is acquired in exchange for another asset (whether similar or dissimilar in nature), the cost will be measured at the fair foster unless (a) the exchange transaction lacks commercial s ubstance or (b) the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable. If the acquired item is not measured at fair value, its cost is measured at the carrying amount of the asset given up. IAS 16.24Measurement Subsequent to Initial RecognitionIAS 16 permits two accounting modelsCost Model. The asset is carried at cost less accumulated dispraise and impairment. IAS 16.30 Revaluation Model. The asset is carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of revaluation lesssubsequent depreciation and impairment, provided that fair value can be measured reliably. IAS 16.31 The Revaluation ModelUnder the revaluation model, revaluations should be carried out regularly, so that the carrying amount of an asset does not differ materially from its fair value at the balance sheet date. IAS 16.31 If an item is revalued, the entire class of assets to which that asset belongs should be revalued. IAS 16.36 Revalued assets are depreciated in the sa me way as under(a) the cost model (see below). If a revaluation results in an increase in value, it should be credited to other comprehensive income and accumulated in comeliness under the heading revaluation surplus unless it represents the reversal of a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognised as an expense, in which cutting it should be recognised as income. IAS 16.39A decrease arising as a result of a revaluation should be recognised as an expense to the boundary that it exceeds any amount previously credited to the revaluation surplus relating to the same asset. IAS 16.40 When a revalued asset is disposed of, any revaluation surplus may be transferred directly to retained earnings, or it may be left in equity under the heading revaluation surplus. The transfer to retained earnings should not be made through the income statement (that is, no recycling through profit or loss). IAS 16.41Depreciation (Cost and Revaluation Models)For all depreciable assetsThe depreciable amount (cost less respite value) should be allocated on a systematic basis over the assets useful life IAS 16.50. The residual value and the useful life of an asset should be reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, any change is accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate under IAS 8. IAS 16.51 The depreciation method used should reflect the pattern in which the assets economic benefits are consumed by the entity IAS 16.60The depreciation method should be reviewed at least per annum and, if the pattern of consumption of benefits has changed, the depreciation method should be changed prospectively as a change in estimate under IAS 8. IAS 16.61 Depreciation should be charged to the income statement, unless it is include in the carrying amount of another asset IAS 16.48. Depreciationbegins when the asset is available for use and continues until the asset is derecognised, even if it is idle. IAS 16.55Recove rability of the Carrying AmountIAS 36 requires impairment testing and, if necessary, recognition for property, plant, and equipment. An item of property, plant, or equipment shall not be carried at more than recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is the higher of an assets fair value less costs to fail and its value in use. Any claim for compensation from third parties for impairment is included in profit or loss when the claim becomes receivable. IAS 16.65Derecogniton (Retirements and Disposals)An asset should be removed from the balance sheet on disposal or when it is withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. The gain or loss on disposal is the difference between the proceeds and the carrying amount and should be recognised in the income statement. IAS 16.67-71 If an entity rents some assets and then ceases to rent them, the assets should be transferred to inventories at their carrying amounts as they become held for sale in the ordinary c ourse of business. IAS 16.68ADisclosureFor each class of property, plant, and equipment, disclose IAS 16.73 basis for measuring carrying amount depreciation method(s) useduseful lives or depreciation ratesgross carrying amount and accumulated depreciation and impairment losses reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and the end of the period, showing additionsdisposalsacquisitions through business combinationsrevaluation increases or decreasesimpairment lossesreversals of impairment lossesdepreciationnet foreign exchange differences on supplantingother movementsAlso disclose IAS 16.74restrictions on titleexpenditures to construct property, plant, and equipment during the period contractual commitments to acquire property, plant, and equipment compensation from third parties for items of property, plant, and equipment that were impaired, lost or given up that is included in profit or loss If property, plant, and equipment is stated at revalued amounts, certain additio nal disclosures are required IAS 16.77 the effective date of the revaluationwhether an free valuer was involvedthe methods and significant assumptions used in estimating fair values the extent to which fair values were determined directly by reference to observable prices in an active market or recent market transactions on arms length terms or were estimated using other valuation techniques for each revalued class of property, the carrying amount that would have been recognised had the assets been carried under the cost model the revaluation surplus, including changes during the period and any restrictions on the distribution of the balance to shareholders

Data Collection Plan Essay Example for Free

Data accruement Plan EssayAbstractPostoperative Pulmonary complications (PPC) such as atelectasis, impaired gas exchange, pneumonia and acute respiratory failure (ARF) atomic number 18 not uncommon in patients undergoing major surgery and are a leading pass water of increased patient morbidity, mortality and increased length of hospital stay (Yoder, Sharma, Hollingsworth, Talavera, Rice, 2013). Healthcare professionals are now expected to give patients verifiably telling preachings by implementing sure evidence based practice (EBP). In order to do so, preventives to prevent PPCs must be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding inducement spirometry (IS) to conventional postoperative chest physiotherapy (CPT) and respiratory care. Eighty patients betwixt 30 and 50 year old who had undergone surgery crashicipated in the study. Patients were divided into two groups the intervention group where IS was used in addition to the traditio nal CPT, and the control group which included only traditional CPT. The results obtained in the investigation indicated that there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study in terms of PPCs and hospital length of stay (LOS). Conclusion Addition of IS to postoperative care helped in domineering PPCs. Keywords postoperative pulmonary complication, incentive spirometer, chest physiotherapy, length of StayResearch QuestionIn postsurgical patients, how does using incentive spirometer, compared to not using incentive spirometer, regard incidence of PPCs and hospital LOS?HypothesisBecause the risk for developing PPCs is not well studied specific numbers of occurrences are difficult to predict. However, it was hypothesized that patients who incorporated IS as part of their postoperative care would have a clinically significant decrease in the occurrence of PPCs and hospital LOS compared to those who did not incorporate IS into their postoperative care. Data CollectionA quasi-experimental control trial was conducted from February 1, 2014 to May 31, 2014. The lead researcher, Adrienne Hinson, collected the data personally. During the four month study, eighty patients ranging in age from 30 to 50 daytimes old who were undergoing surgery where the abdomen or chest was opened were selected randomly from the General Surgery Department at McLeod Regional Medical Center in Florence, SC. On sampling days, patients meeting the criteria were numbered chronologically based on their surgery time. For eighty consecutive business days, one of the patients was chosen randomly using a random numbers table created on Microsoft Excel. Patients who had recently been diagnosed with or treated for acute pulmonary complications, those who could not be instructed or supervised to assure arrogate use of the IS, and patients whose cooperation or comprehension was lacking were excluded from the study.All appropriate procedures were used to safeguard the right s of study participants. The study was externally reviewed by the hospitals institutional review board before data collection began. Patients received verbal and written explanations of the study purpose and data collection procedures and after indicating willingness to participate in the study, voluntary advised consent was obtained (See Appendix A). instruction included within the informed consent included participant status participants were told which postoperative activities were routine, and which activities were being evaluated. Participants were informed that the data collected about them would be used for research purposes. The overall goals of the research, to evaluate to addition of IS to postoperative care, was described to patients. Participants were informed about which types of data would be collected, what procedures they would undergo, and how they were selected. The time frame of the commitment was defined as beginning on post-op day one and lasting until their f ollow upvisit after discharge. Information regarding funding was available to participants. All participants were educated on potential risks and benefits of participation. Finally, patients were assured that their privacy would be protected at all times and that they would be allowed to conduct from the study at any point during their hospital stay (Polit Beck, 2012).The patients were deliberately placed into one of two experimental groups. Deliberate placement reduces confounding by ensuring the two groups were comparable when age, sex, smoking history, type of surgery and post-operative analgesia were compared. The control group consisted of 40 patients who underwent routine chest physiotherapy (CPT) postoperatively, as recommended by the Clinical work out Guidelines set forth by The Agency for Healthcare Research Quality (2011). A physiotherapist supervised and assisted the treatment twice a day in the first two postoperative days and once a day from the third to the tenth da ys. During any session, the patients performed three to five deep breaths interspersed with periods of unruffled breathing followed by two or three coughs or huffs with support from a pillow at least 10 times over a 15 minutes period. Additional techniques such as positioning and chest wall percussion were applied if breathing and coughing exercises alone were not effective in clearing excessive or retained pulmonary secretions. Patients were instructed to perform coughing and deep breathing exercises independently every hour while awake. The treatment group consisted of the remaining 40 patients who also followed the same Clinical Practice Guidelines but also received breathing exercise training with IS (Voldyne Volumetric fabricate by Sherwood Medical Company U.S.A.)In addition to the routine chest physiotherapy up to the tenth postoperative day. Application of breathing training with incentive spirometry was applied for five minutes, five times a day (El-Marakby et al., 2013). Monitoring began immediately postoperatively and continued until discharge. Hospital LOS was documented for each patient, along with whether or not the patient developed a PPC within 10 days of surgery. The researcher rounded on each hospitalized patient daily to ensure respect and to update discharges and PPC diagnoses. In order to determine LOS, participant observation was used as a tool to collect data. LOS was calculated by subtracting day of admission fee from day of discharge. Date of admission was the date of surgery for all participants. Date of discharge was determinedby the surgical teams, who were blinded to the study and therefore measures are not likely to be influenced by reactivity (Polit Beck, 2012). PPCs were defined as any pulmonary abnormality that produced identifiable disease or dysfunction, was clinically significant, and adversely affected the postoperative clinical course (Hayden, Mayer, Stoller, 1995). Patients were monitored daily for 10 days for the di agnosis of a PPC.Given this definition, PPCs documented included atelectasis, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, and irritation of COPD. Along with physical assessment and past history, biophysiological measures were used as data collection tools to aid in the diagnosis of PPCs (See Appendix C). Equipment and lab analysis were quick available and tests for biophysiological measures were completed by the appropriate staff at McLeod Regional Medical Center. Ordering tests and the interpretation of results was fulfilled solely by the healthcare providers as deemed necessary. The researchers were not responsible for diagnosing PPCs, but rather the observation and recording of data. Biophysiological measures for diagnosing acute respiratory failure include a low direct of oxygen a pulse oximetry falling below 80% saturation on room air or when arterial blood gas shows PaO2.

Waste Management Practices Of Mcdonalds Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste Management Practices Of Mcdonalds Environmental Sciences EssayMcDonalds is one of the largest and most well cognise global unfaltering(a) nutrition eating houses. Ray Kroc is the founder of the company in the year 1955. The company has been operating for 55 years and has 32000 restaurants chain in to a greater extent than 117 countries. More than 75% of McDonalds worldwide bylets are operated by franchisees or affiliates (Our Company 2010). There are 1.5 one thousand million employees worldwide working to serve 50 million worldwide customers each day (McDonalds Restaurants Ltd, 2006). Over the many years, millions of people pee patronage McDonalds because it is a trusted name with proven service. In returning that loyalty, McDonalds have an obligation to give back to the community (SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, 2010). McDonalds supports Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC), animal welfare, food safety and purlieu (SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, 2010).This essay shall examine how Mc Donalds has performed in the relation to the surroundings curiously drive away guidance practices. The public of the current age are concerned about the amount of advancement and food devour produced by McDonalds restaurants (Better incase with McDonalds, 2009). A survey conducted by Keep Britain Tidy that about 29% of the litter waste on the Britain Street was come from the McDonalds restaurant (Gray, L 2009). Therefore, one of the beat out solutions channelisen by McDonalds is manage the waste through waste management practices, which is involving in reduction, reuse, recycling and disposal (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). As one of the largest fast food restaurants worldwide, McDonalds has become an environment leader. Hence, McDonalds is determined to analyze every aspect of their business on their impaction on the environment and according to the analysis and seek strong ways to enhance the environment. McDonalds is hoping to survive and stay in a clean envir onment where the air, water and the earth are clean and as well systema skeletale an environment sound world to the future generation ().McDonalds has done a variety of different as compared to the past and current performance. In the past, McDonalds used the polystyrene effervesce as package food. Many environmentalists dislike polystyrene foam because the production of foam will release out the chlorofluorocarbon, which can damage the atmosphere. The foam also to take long time to break down, if at all, in landfills, which is where most of it winds up because there are relatively few recycling centers ( ). Besides, McDonalds was required 46 grams of packaging in average meal- a Big Mac, fries and a shake in year 1970 (Case A McDonalds Environmental Strategy, 1995). In addition, there was no industrial scale recycling before (Rose, 2009). Further more than, McDonalds did not practice the exercise of converting the waste into energy.Nowadays, McDonalds has found many alternative ways to enhance the environment performance in term of the waste management practices. Firstly, McDonalds has replaced the polystyrene foam by the using paper based-wraps in ordering to reduce the waste volume in the waste management process (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). The replacement is because of consumers demand and heeding counsel of environmental groups (Liddle, A 1990). McDonalds major markets, about 83% of the packaging used for food, beverages and other consumer purposes is made of whatever form of paper (McDonalds general Corporate Responsibility Report, 2006). Another is the reduced amount of material used in each item of packaging (our environment, 2008). Thirdly, McDonalds recycles packaging waste and recycles used cooking oil in waste management practices (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities, 2010). Fourthly, proper disposal waste programs are been carried out to manage the food waste once the McDonalds cannot reduce, reuse and recycle the waste (our environment, 2008). Recent year, McDonald in UK has a trial tested out an alternative method of disposal, which by converting the food waste to energy (Managing the impacts of the leftovers, 2010). DavidFairhurst, senior vice president for McDonalds UK Northern Europe said that the converting waste to energy is back up that has already reduced the environmental impact in the area by 48% and significant step on achieving zero waste to landfill (Thomas, D 2009)Currently, McDonalds brings a lot impact upon the society and stakeholder. McDonalds replaces the foam to paper wraps, which make up 70% to 90% reduction in sandwich packaging volume (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). Besides, McDonalds also reduce the amount of material used in the packaging, which indicate little raw material use and thus less solid waste produce (our environment, 2008). For example, in 2005, McDonalds redesigned the inside of North American fry boxes, which make up more th an 1,100 tons packaging waste saved per year (McDonalds Worldwide Corporate Responsibility Report, 2006).Furthermore, McDonalds in Unite State has recycled over 17 tons of corrugate cardboard per year (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities 2010). Corrugate cardboard represent around 30% of the total restaurant waste and as result of recycling, divert the amount of waste from landfills. McDonalds has an father of achieving to recycle 100% of their corrugated cardboard (our environment, 2008). By the way, about 10% of the total restaurant wastes come from the used cooking oil and McDonalds has converted into biodiesel (our environment, 2008). McDonalds in United State has recycled approximately 13,000 pounds of used cooking oil per year. Currently, more than 80% of the used oil in Europe has transformed into biodiesel (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities 2010). As a result, it is stopped the used cooking oil from send to lan dfills. (Please consolidate and present it in a more systematic way.)In addition, the trial of converting the waste to energy has been successfully reduction 54% percent of carbon run as audited by the Carbon trustfulness (Brass, E 2009). The amount of waste save from landfill could be 65 tones if the restaurants continue implement this disposal. For the energy generate from the waste provide enough heat and electrical energy to the building (Managing the impacts of the leftovers, 2010). For instance, in UK the energy generate from the food waste, which able to power the 22 million light bulbs to community (Brass, E 2009).Now let localise on the payoffs and disadvantages of McDonald practices in the waste management. The major advantage through the waste management practices is reduced the greenhouse gas emission. Methane especially one of the greenhouse gases which mostly generate by the landfills operation and bring harmful effects to the environment and human health. Therefo re, the key factor success of lower down the gases emission is determined by the greater recycle wastes, increased amount of waste recovery and incineration combined with energy production (Improved waste management delivering climate benefits, 2008). Another advantage of the waste management practices is generated a livable environment to society (Waste government activity Methods Advantages and Disadvantages n.d.). It is because people can exist and live in a comfort environment with free of waste. . (are there any scholarly proof to support this statement?) is to help to reduce the amount of waste. Through the waste management practices, McDonalds has send less waste to landfill and ultimately less waste occupy the landfillHowever, there are some disadvantages of the waste management practices. The major disadvantage is contaminated the environment (Waste Disposal Methods Advantages and Disadvantages n.d.). The utilities of papers as packaging especially are unfriendly to the e nvironment in the waste management practice. It is because there will increase the environment impact in production of paper packaging item.An analysis conducted by the Franklin Associates, an independent environmental research firm that the production between polystyrene foam and paper toward the environment impact. The result show that the manufacturing of paper containers especially make up 46 percent more air contamination, 42 percent more water pollution and 75 percent more industrial waste than that of plastic. Made predominantly of air, paper requires 30 percent more energy to produce than foam (Eckhardt, A 1998). Therefore, the using of paper actually leads the pollution occur. Consequently, global warming especially occurs once the pollution getting severe and serious. Besides, the disadvantage of the waste management practices is shape the people health. The process of convert the waste to energy need go through the incineration, which may emit the harmful gases into the environment that hazardous to residents health, as the emission smoke is invisible and smelly. Undoubtedly, it brings the negative impact to society (Krishna, G 2006).As conclusion, the waste management practices should be adopted to manage the waste in order to provide the healthy and clean environment to the society. The social performance of McDonalds in relation to the environment has tremendously contributed. Even though the elimination of waste from the fast food restaurants is impossible, some effective and efficiency of alternative methods should also seek in order to reduce and prevent the waste from being engulfed the earth. If the large fast food company like McDonalds does not control the waste produce from the restaurant and save the planet, people will surely perish themselves one day.

Household Appliance Engineering Report: Standing Fan

Household Appliance Engineering Report Standing FanHousehold appliancesEngineering reportMaking of carry fan. receivable date24/03/2017The introduction This report explores and examines the history and evolution of the stand fan detailing how they work and the materials employ. The purpose of the report is to illustrate the functions and special features as tumefy as to try information about the social, environmental, sustainability and cultural connection that rose due to development and use of the stand fan. As the time progressed, technologies prevail drastically changed, the use of polymers and smaller sized powerful pushs have allowed the stand fan to be lighter as well as improved operation and lowered the manufacturing cost when compared to heavy metals and bigger motors used in the past. a stand fan is a common household appliance used for chilling an area it is basically a traditional fan set on an adjustable rod cell which is attached to a base, it also contains a t least 3 wind speed range.The earliest model of fans appeared during the 1800s it was basically a bipolar motor attached to a six-leaf wrought flat brass blades. These early fans were both a unique, or an expensive appliance, used in large offices or wealthy homes. The decade of 1910-1920 brought major changes. Around 1910, electric fans were being made for residential use, they had six wings and ran on slower speed and the cages were now made with steel due to lack of brass as well as the blades were locomote in shape and shrank from diameter of 8 down to 5.Description A stand fan is a common household appliance they are oft more effective and popular than other table fans as it can be adjusted to move up and down as well as its head oscillates till 180 degree or remain steady pointing at one direction. A stand fan is just like a normal table fan but its set on an extendable pole which is attached to a base. It has three speed settings and an on off tone ending usually named as 0. This type of fans is usually placed at a corner of the room or in an advantageous location to achieve not bad(p) cooling experience.2.1 How it worksStand/pedestal fan works with the help of an electric motor. A motor consists of coil of wire wrapped around a metal center and when electricity is passed through this, it produces rotational motion and a hub/cap connects the motor with the metallic/ pliable blade which circulates the air around, these blades are shaped on an angle which helps to carry air from one point to another. The control box contains four switches three to control speed and one to turn the fan on or off. The extendable pole can be used to increase or slack the height of the fan.2.2 AssemblySlide the 2-off base tail sections together.Remove the screws from the center of the base cross section, and then fasten the fan pillar in position.Now unscrew and remove the charge plate retainer that locks the dickens support sections together slide over and fit th e plastic base subdue.Set the height of the extension pole and then lock into position with the plastic screwed retainer.Set the motor and switch control section over the extension pole and secure into position with the locking screw.Remove shaft protecting cover and unscrew guard retaining nut/hub/cap anti-clockwise and remove.Take the rear-guard section and slide it over the threaded screw on the fan body (make sure, the handle on the guard is facing upwards).Screw on the plastic nut/hub/cap to secure the rear guard in place.Push the blade on to the motor shaft until it reaches the stop.Screw on the blade retaining cap/hub/nut in a clockwise direction to secure the blade in position.Hook the cause guard on to the rear-guard section at the top.Secure the two guard sections together with the clips around the edges. The screw and nut at the bottom of the grille essential be fitted. atomsGuard (rear and front grill) it is a metal netting used to protect fan blades from any physica l contact this protects the fan from any persecute as well as the exploiter.Motor it is the heart of the fan as it converts the applied electrical energy into mechanical output energy.Blade these are the teeter shaped objects connected to the motor which spins and creates airflowHub/cap it is a device which connects the fan blade with the motor.Extension pole this is the component that makes stand fan special, it allows the user to adjust the height of the fan according to their preference.Head support frame this component gives the stand fan its feature of tilting its head up or down. pitch box/ control box this is the component which contains the electric circuit and switches which controls the speed of the fan as well as turn it on or off.ComponentMaterial made frombladesPolymer/aluminumRear and back grillsteelExtendable polePolypropylene polymer/ metalScrewsMetal (carbon steel/stainless steel) and plastic3.1 MaterialsmaterialscomponentWhy it is used?Polymer/plastic-blad es-Screws-Hub/nut/cap-switch-it is used because plastic would be more safer and cheaper than metals as well as it will decrease the weight of the fan.Metal (carbon steel/stainless steel)-extension pole-screw-guard (front and back grill)-it is used to make the product more durableAdvantages and disadvantages4.1 AdvantageThey are very effortless to assemble also put them away when you are not using it as you can separate the components good.You can move them around the house easily and put them in an advantageous location.Due to its extendable pole, you can adjust its height according to your preference.It is cheap and you can assemble it yourself.Theyre lightweight and can provide cool air over large area.They can be easily cleaned.4.2 disadvantageTheyve less safety for children as they might stick their finger inside(a) the grill.Cooling range is smaller.theres too much noise when the fan runs in higher speed.Impact on societyThis household appliance had a great impact on the soc iety and peoples life. As before the invention of pedestal/stand fan there was only mechanical fans which required people to do energy physically to cool the temperature or circulate air. When pedestal/stand, fan was invented it made peoples life way easier. During the early stage of the invention these fans were only used in big offices or wealthy homes but when refrigerated air was used in commercial buildings the fan makers focused more towards residential use. thence these types of fans started to appear at everyones home. The invention of pedestal/stand fan made life of the people more easier as they were cheaper and easy to assemble as well as it didnt need much maintainance.ConclusionThe making of the stand fan and different materials used in the stand fan has been explored in this report. Pedestal/stand fan is usually made of polymers and metals like stainless steel, aluminum. They are more advantageous than other table or ceiling fans due to its extendable pole which allow s the user to increase and decrease its height according to their preference and also because its cheaper than ceiling fans as well as it is easy to assemble.

What Are The Mechanisms Of Ozone Depletion Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Mechanisms Of Oz hotshot Depletion Environmental Sciences EssayThe mechanism of global warming ceaseister be described by the Greenhouse resultant role by which, solar radiation enters by dint of the Earths atmosphere and is retained, resulting in increase temperatures. Solar radiation entering the Earths atmosphere is partially absorbed by the Earths come shape up and partially re-radiated back into space. However, having lost vigour to the Earths surface, the infr ard radiation is of an change magnitude wavelength and is consequently absorbed by certain blow outses ( babys room turgidnessses) in the Earths atmosphere. This results in the radiation cosmos recycled at heart the Earths atmosphere, lead story to an change magnitude average temperature of the Earths near surface air and oceans.Ozone depletion is a result of the catalysed reactions mingled with ozone and atomic chlorine or bromine. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and bromofluorocarbons have the sup erlative ozone depleting probable as they stage atomic chlorine and bromine upon photodissociation.Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide stern be considered to have the greatest global warming potential due to their abundance. From these gasses, nitrous oxide is 310 times more than effective in absorbing radiation than carbon dioxide, and methane is 21 times more effective than carbon dioxide.What is the discrepancy between winter and summer smog? Explain the mechanism by which they are generated.Winter and summer smog can be differentiated by their constituents and thus their environmental violations. Winter smog is made up of sulphur dioxide, partially oxidised organics and particulate matter (PM), the concentrations of which are typically increased in winter months due to increased heating from sulphur rich fogey give notices such as coal and oil. It is also referred to as minify smog. These pollutants can collide with the respiratory system and clay secondary pol lutants. Sulphur dioxide can form erosive rain from oxidation catalysed by PM or free radicals of group O and north.Summer, or photochemical smog, tends to occur as a result of increased nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbon concentrations in the atmosphere due to exhausts from internal combustion engines. atomic number 7 oxides can be broken down by sunlight to form radicals ca utilise low level ozone formation, nitric acid, peroxides, aldehydes and ketones.Both types of smog are more credibly to form in cities and as a result of neglect of wind. The lack of air movement can result in a temperature eversion which causes a layer of still warm air to cover a layer of cool air, trapping either pollutants below the warm layer near ground level.What is the difference between stratospheric and tropospheric ozone? Explain the role of dark in the generation of tropospheric ozone.The ozone layer typically occurs in the stratosphere and is naturally formed and decomposed from the reacti ons between group O and atomic number 8 free radicals which are formed from the decomposition of oxygen by ultraviolet light light. The stratosphere is typically located from around 20 to 50 km preceding(prenominal) the Earths surface. The occurrence of ozone at this level helps absorb harmful ultraviolet light.Tropospheric ozone refers to ozone occurring in the troposphere (up to 12 km above the Earths surface). Ozone at this level can be ruinous and also acts as a greenhouse gas with a heat trapping effectiveness of 2000 times greater than CO2.The breakdown of nitrogen dioxide by ultraviolet light can lead to the formation of oxygen free radicals. no. = NO + O*O* + O2 = O3Describe the mechanisms for acid rain and eutrophication, respectively. What are the effects of these 2 environmental impacts?Acid rain is primarily formed from SOx and dark. Sulphur oxides are oxidised in the presence of ultraviolet light to form sulphur trioxide gas, through reacting with water, this ca n then form acid rain in the form of sulphurous acid and/or sulphuric acid. Nitrogen oxides are oxidised to nitrogen dioxide which may then lead to the reaction between water and nitrogen dioxide allowing for the formation of nitric and nitrous acid. Acid rain can effect vegetation, lakes and rivers, buildings and benevolent health.Eutrophication is the cover that occurs due to excessive growing of habitats to an extent where the growth becomes destructive to the environment. Use of artificial fertilisers from farming leads to increased levels of nitrates and phosphates accumulating in lakes and rivers. The nitrates and phosphates are nutrients that increase the growth of plants and algae. When these plants and algae die they can decompose aerobically to form carbon dioxide and water. With excessive decomposition, oxygen will be depleted and anaerobic decomposition will occur, leading to formation of hydrides such as ammonia and enthalpy sulphide. More species will die due to poi soning caused by the hydrides and may eventually lead to the finis of the entire habitat.Which of the above environmental impacts do nitrogen oxides have to? Explain how.Nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of acid rain either in the form of nitric or nitrous acid.Upon absorbing ultraviolet light nitrogen dioxide breaks down to form nitrogen oxide and oxygen radicals. These radicals can combine with water to form hydroxyl radicals which may then react with nitrogen oxide to form nitric acid.Air pollution bar and controlWhat picks exist for the prevention and clean-up of acid gas emissions?Emissions of nitrogen oxides can potentially lead to the formation of acid rain, with several options available for its prevention and clean-up. These primarily include selective catalytic reduction (SCR), non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR), and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR).The power application uses SCR for post-combustion NOx clean up and/or low NOx burners and SNCR for prevention of NOx formation in the combustion stage. SCR involves reacting ammonia or urea with NOx over vanadium oxide catalysts in a temperature range of 300 to 400 C and can exact up to 95 % of NOx. SNCR involves injecting ammonia/urea in the furnace at temperatures of 900 to 1100 C, with a remotion qualification of only around 30 %.Non-selective catalytic reduction removes NOx in a method analgous to the three-way catalytic converter used in the automotive industry. This is typically applied in the chemical industries.Sulphur oxides can also lead to acid rain. Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) plant involves scrubbing the gasses to remove sulphur oxides. For example, limestone scrubbing is one method of FGD, which converts sulphur oxides into calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum).Which stages in the life cycle of an installation must be considered within the IPPC Directive?All stages of the life cycle should be considered i.e. from cradle to grave. In set out to provide an i ntegrated approach, no stage can be left out, and a full assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts should be carried out for the raw(a) materials, edgeing, storage and transportation system stages involved.Which industrial sectors are regulated by the IPPC Directive? Why do you think these sectors have been include under the IPPC Directive?The industries cover by the IPPC directive includeEnergy ProductionRefineriesProduction changeing of MetalsProduction of Cement LimeActivities involving AsbestosGlass, Glass roughage and other Mineral Fibre ManufactureCeramic ProductionOrganic Inorganic Chemical ProductionFertiliser Biocide ManufacturePharmaceutical ManufactureExplosives ManufactureStorage of Bulk ChemicalsIncinerationLandfill composing ManufactureTar Bitumen ProcessesCoating, Printing and Textile ActivitiesDye, Ink and Coating Material ManufactureTimber ActivitiesRubber ActivitiesProcessing of Food andIntensive Farming.These sectors have been include d under the Directive due to the fatality of controlling and limiting the environmental impact these industries can have during the manufacturing process of their relevant products. cutting study discloseing lam for the prevention and control of NOx emissionsNitric acid manufactureWhat influences the yield of nitric acid? Why is it important to maximise its yield?The yield of nitric acid is effected byThe efficiency of the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen monoxideThe efficiency of the oxidation of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxideThe concentration of nitrogen dioxide in water to produce nitric acidMaximising its yield allows for an efficient production thus generating more nitric acid at the resembling run be to master larger profits. Maximising yield means minimising unreacted nitrogen oxide which is consequently released to atmosphere.Why are the reaction (6) and the reverse of reaction (4) undesirable in this process?The reverse of reaction 4 results in a lo wer NO2 yield as the reaction will tend towards the NO and O2 through a shift in equilibrium to the reactants. As the dousing of NO2 is limited by NO2 concentration, it is desirable to ensure the forward reaction in reaction 4 occurs in order to maximise HNO3 yield. In addition to this, the occurrence of a reverse reaction (4) in which NO is formed allows for the possibility of nitrous acid formation (reaction 6). Again this is undesirable as NO2 is consumed in producing an unwanted product, consequently leading to a lower NO2 concentration and lower HNO3 yields.In addition to NOx and N2O emissions, what other releases to air, water and land can be expected from nitric acid manufacture? What environmental impacts can these releases cause?Carbon dioxide emissions from burning fogey fuels for energy requirements and transportation should be accounted for, as healthful as ammonia, nitric acid, nitrous acid leakages.Pollution prevention and control of NOx emissionsPollution preventio n Process design and operationThe efficiency of NO2 absorption to produce HNO3 can be increased further by increasing pressure. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pressurised systems in terms of their expert complexity, environmental impacts (including noise) and economic costs.As stated, the briny advantage of a pressurised system is the improved absorption of NO2 to produce HNO3, this results in less NO2 being released to the atmosphere. However, pressurised systems require a more complex design as a result of the serious safety considerations associated with them. Failure of pressurised systems can lead to death or injury of workers on-the-spot(prenominal) as well as the release of NO2 to atmosphere.Pressurised systems would require increased compression and pumping duties, contributing to increased noise pollution, operating(a) costs and maintenance costs. The absorption tug may not have been designed for higher pressures, i.e. materials of construction, column thic kness, and column closures may not be suitable, and thus changes would have to be made, resulting in increased capital costs. These costs must be compared with the improved nitric acid yield in order to fully asses this option.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of supplying pure oxygen instead of air for oxidation of NO in the HNO3 absorption tower. Address the following issuesWhat are the advantages of using pure oxygen instead of air in terms of oxidation efficiency, gas flowrates, column volume etc?Using pure oxygen rather than air (21% oxygen, 79% nitrogen), allows for the volumetric gas flowrate of this stream to be lessen by 79% due to the elimination of nitrogen. This results in an improved oxidation efficiency, allowing more NO2 to be formed by reducing the amount of NO. The reduced gas flowrate results in a reduced column volume, assuming a constant gas hourly space velocity.Unlike air, oxygen does not come for free it has to be produced by separating nitrogen from air (you may remember this from the last years coursework on Waste Water Treatment within the module Introduction to Sustainable Development). This is usually done in a large scale cryogenic process (separation by cooling). What are the implications of this in the background of IPPC (i.e. taking into account all life cycle stages associated with this process option)?The cryogenic separation of oxygen from air is a highly energy intensive process. The main stages of the process include compression, cooling, and distillation. From a life-cycle perspective, the raw material (air) is free however, it is the processing stage which incurs the majority of environmental impact. Energy is required in the compression and distillation stages of the process, thus, assuming energy is obtained from fossil fuel sources, greenhouse gas emissions become a concern. Further to this, the requirement of refrigeration may have environmental impacts depending on the refrigerant used. Transportation of t he oxygen to the nitric acid plant may have potential impacts however, in analogy to the processing stage, any environmental impacts are likely to be relatively small. Therefore the production of oxygen does have an environmental impact to an extent however, the IPPC does not apply to this industry, so due to the lack of IPPC regulation in the sector inefficiencies or environmental concerns may indirectly effect the nitric acid manufacturing process. The key concern of using pure oxygen is the additive cost.Pollution prevention Extended absorptionExplain the idea behind extended absorption. What is the link between the number of transfer units (NTU) in the HNO3 absorption tower and the NOx emissions?Extended absorption (EA) allows for any unreacted nitrogen dioxide to be absorbed in a second tower, thus increasing nitric acid production and reducing NOx emissions. Oxygen can also be injected to oxidise any nitrogen monoxide so that it can be absorbed in the clean absorption colum n. An increase in NTU in the HNO3 absorption tower results in lower NOx emissions.How would you exercise the required bloom of the absorption column to increase the HNO3 production yield and reduce the emissions of NOx from the manufacture of nitric acid? What information and data would you need to do that? (See the Appendix.)In order to calculate the required height of the absorption column, the NTU must be calculated. This requires the gas mole fraction at the top of the column (yT) and at the bottom (yB). The gradient of the operating line, R is also required, this is obtained from the equilibrium of the operating line, the molar gas flowrate, and the molar liquid flowrate per unit tower area.This value is then multiplied by the height of a transfer unit which is given byWhere G is the molar gas flowrate per unit tower area, ky is the overall mass transfer coefficient, and a is the interfacial area per unit packed volume.Height = HTU x NTUPollution control Absorption in atomic number 11 hydroxideIPPC requires consideration of wider impacts of an activity, which means consideration of a number of life cycle stages of a process. In the case of NOx scrubbing by sodium hydroxide, what parts of the life cycle must be included for flit assessment? Analysing this system, explain why absorption of NOx in NaOH is unlikely to represent BAT.All stages of the life cycle must be considered for a through and exhaustive analysis of BAT assessment. The final stage of the life-cycle for the sodium hydroxide scrubbing option is a key concern. The disposal of the sodium nitrite-nitrate effluent is a key concern. If no suitable disposal or recycle method can be identified for the effluent, then along with the increased costs incurred from NaOH feedstock and increased pumping, this option does not represent BAT.Pollution control Non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR)Non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR) is quite efficient in reducing the emissions of NOx from the manuf acture of nitric acid. However, it also generates additional environmental impacts. Identify these impacts for hydrogen and natural gas as reducing agents, respectively, and explain the origin of these impacts.The requirement of a reducing agent such as hydrogen and natural gas has significant environmental implications. Hydrogen is likely to have been produced from steam reforming of fossil fuels, and natural gas is a fossil fuel, indeed, consideration should be given to the process of extracting the fossil fuel, transporting it and processing it. In the case of hydrogen, the processing stage is likely to be a key concern as it is an energy intensive process which results in further emissions and additional environmental impacts. For example, steam reforming of methane to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide is an endothermic reaction requiring heat generated often from burning fossil fuels. However, using methane as a reducing agent leads to the formation of CO2 in the process.Ca lculate the amount of carbon dioxide in t/yr generated in the NSCR process which removes 1.5 t NO2/day from the nitric acid tail gas using natural gas. Calculate the potential for global warming from these CO2 emissions. Compare that with the global warming avoided by the remotion of the equivalent amount of N2O per day from the same tail gas. What do you shut down?2CH4 + O2 + 2NO2 +2N2O = 2CO2 + 4H2O + 3N2Mass of NO2 = 1500 kg/dayMolecular weight of NO2 = 46.01 kg/molMoles of NO2 = 32.60 kmol/dayMoles of CO2 = (2/2) * Moles of NO2 = 32.60 kmol/dayMolecular Weight of CO2 = 44.01 kg/kmolMass of CO2 = 1.4 t CO2/dayAssuming that the plant is operational for 365 days per year, the annual amount of carbon dioxide generated by the NSCR process can be estimated as 524 tonnes per year.N2O has a heat trapping effectiveness of 150 times that of CO2 thus the saving made by converting N2O to CO2 is substantial with regards to global warming potential. The N2O produced would be equivalent to 7 8,551 tonnes of CO2 per year.Use the example in the previous misgiving to calculate the equivalent acidification impact that would be avoided by the remotion of NOx with the NSCR process. Compare this avoided impact with global warming generated through the use of natural gas to remove the NOx. What do you conclude? How should we approach situations like these, where reducing one environmental impact causes another?The classification factor for NOx is estimated as 0.7 kg/kg. Therefore acidification savings can be estimated as 1050 kg/day which is equivalent to 383 tonnes per year. In comparison to the 524 tonnes of CO2 produced per year, it can be noted that the reduction of the acidification impact does not outweigh the CO2 produced in the process.Pollution control Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)What are the main environmental and safety concerns associated with the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process?SCR typically uses ammonia or urea to catalytically convert nitroge n oxides to molecular nitrogen and water however, the production of these reactants have key environmental considerations. ammonium hydroxide production typically involves steam reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock such as natural gas or naphtha. Thus, fossil fuel depletion and the issues surrounding fossil fuel extraction, transportation and processing are all key sustain world power concerns. However, ammonia produced from naphtha would be more of a concern than ammonia produced from natural gas due to the additional amend process from which it is produced. Ammonia production also involves the emission of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.Gas preheating also has an impact on energy requirements and thus greenhouse gas emissions.On-site ammonia or urea storage would be required any leakages of ammonia could prove fatal as it is toxic upon inhalation. particle accelerator disposal may also have various environmental impacts depending on the toxicity of the used catalyst.Why is it i mportant to minimise ammonia slip from the SCR process for NOx control?The occurrence of ammonia slip results in inefficient use of feedstock. Costs can be notably reduced by ensuring marginal ammonia slip throughout operation. Ammonia may also react with other compounds to form unwanted products. For example, ammonium bisulphate formation in power industry often results in damage to air heaters. Therefore, this should be further investigated for the application of nitric acid production to ensure any unwanted compounds are not formed. Further to this, as ammonia is toxic, any ammonia slip would result in release to atmosphere therefore potential health concerns exist.Balancing environmental and economic costsWhat would be your answer to the above question on the comparison between SCR and NSCR?From table 2, it is evident that SCR can provide an improved NOx remotion (exit level of 100 ppm) in comparison to NSCR (205 PPM) however, SCRs failure to remove N2O may be a key concern whe n compared to NSCR which does remove the compound. However, unlike NSCR, SCR does not result in significant CO2 emissions. The economics of both options demonstrate that when combined with EA, NSCR is significantly more expensive than SCR and only provides an improvement of 0.3 %. Therefore SCR would be chosen over NSCR.Analyse the data shown in Tables 3 and 4 and make your own choice of BAT for NOx prevention and control. Explain and release your choice.The significant costs of NSCR in comparison to SCR would result in increased nitric acid prices, to the extent where it would not be profitable to manufacture. The small gains in removal efficiency made using NSCR over SCR with EA do not justify the large difference in price therefore, the choice of BAT is between EA and EA with SCR. With EA adding a cost 230 per tonne of acid, and EA+SCR adding a cost of 880 per tonne of acid, from an economic perspective it would be most suitable to chose EA due to its high NOx removal of 94.8 %. However, the improved removal efficiency of SCR (98.5%) does allow for an argument to be made for its choice as BAT. With regards to cost, EA+SCR does provide increased costs and lower profits however, its ability to sufficiently meet IPPC targets cannot be overlooked, thus for this reason, it should be chosen as BAT.The social implications of the pollution prevention and control techniques have not been considered above. Can you divulge them for each option? Do the social considerations change your choice of BAT?Both EA and EA+SCR share common social implications such as the construction of new plant absorption column for EA, and a reactor for SCR. This involves construction vehicles travelling through the area, resulting in increased noise pollution. Other social impacts of EA are borderline as an increased compression requirement may result in slightly increased noise pollution. If energy is generated on-site for the compressors, then higher greenhouse gas emissions may be a concern. With regards to SCR, ammonia slip is a key concern, as the gas is toxic when inhaled. Further to this, the energy required for gas pre-heating also contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Overall the EA option proves more suitable in terms of reducing social impacts and so this would be the option for BAT.Choosing BATWhy do you think the company has chosen to consider these two options and not any other described above?Choosing to modify the absorption column in order to operate at higher pressures would be a lot cheaper than employing the extend absorption option which would require the construction of an additional column, thus resulting in increased capital and operational costs. In addition to this, this option would be chosen over the NaOH absorption process, again due to the increased capital costs resulting from an additional absorption tower and the increased operational costs incurred from a NaOH feed. Increasing operating pressure does not have any sig nificant on-site environmental releases/impacts other than an increased compression duty. SCR may have been chosen due to its ease to be retrofitted and its high removal efficiency. In comparison to other options, SCR provides the best performance for NOx removal.Choosing BAT Environmental considerationsConsider the LCA results shown in Figure 5 and answer the following questionsWhy do you think the SCR option has higher fossil fuel and ozone depletion than the base case?The requirement of natural gas for the production of ammonia is likely to be the primal cause of increased fossil fuel depletion for SCR. NOx formed during ammonia production may also be a cause of the increased ozone depletion associated with SCR. In addition to this, ammonia slip may result in ammonia being released to atmosphere which then reacts with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate.The fact that SCR is crack for some impacts but worse for the others when compared with the base case makes it more difficult to chose BAT. If you as a plant operator had to choose between these two options, which one would you choose? Justify your choice by discussing the significance of global impacts (such as ozone depletion and fossil fuel depletion) and regional and local impacts (such as acidification and photochemical smog).In comparison to the base case, SCR only has a slightly higher fossil fuel and ozone depletion whereas other impacts such as acidification and sympathetic toxicity are significantly reduced through using SCR. As efficiencies are made in the ammonia production process, SCR could potentially have a reduced impact on fossil fuel depletion. In addition to this, the production of ammonia using energy from renewable sources is also an option to reduce fossil fuel depletion, as well as the ability to generate hydrogen from the electrolysis of water using renewable energy.Based purely on environmental considerations, which process out of the three options (base case, HP and SCR) would y ou choose as BAT? Explain why.Based only on the environmental considerations, HP demonstrates BAT. In comparison to the base case and SCR, HP has the least environmental impact for fossil fuel depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, photochemical smog, and human toxicity.Compare now the SCR and HP options in terms of the level of NOx emissions that they can achieve. Which process would you as an operator choose? Why?The HP modification has a removal efficiency of 84%, removing 1202 ppm of NOx however, SCR has a greater removal efficiency of 93%, removing 1332 ppm of NOx. As the base case plant produces 1432 ppm of NOx per hour, the outlet concentrations for the HP and SCR modifications are 230 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. SCRs effectiveness in removing NOx is notably greater than that of the HP option therefore, from an operational point of view, SCR would be chosen.Combine both the environmental impacts and the levels of NOx emission that each option can achiev e and make an overall choice of BAT. Justify your choice by taking into account the IPPC principles.Both options satisfy the IPPC principles to a certain extent. However, HP has greater contour than SCR with the IPPC principles. HP and SCR both provide protection for the environment as a whole by reducing NOx emissions from the nitric acid plant. Although, SCR has improved removal efficiency over HP, the impact of ammonia production fails to demonstrate SCR as the BAT in comparison to HP in this case. HP provides a break-dance case for pollution prevention, by reducing NOx formation throughout the process whereas SCR demonstrates a case for pollution control. As prevention is preferred to control, HP again provides the better option. In providing a balance between the environment, economics and social impacts, HP provides the better option. Significant reductions in global warming potential, acidification and human toxicity are made through employing HP over SCR, with notable gain s in reducing fossil fuel depletion, ozone depletion and photochemical smog. Although SCR demonstrates an improved NOx removal efficiency, overall, the environmental impact as a whole can be reduced by employing HP modifications. Further to this, the income generated by HP modifications, can contribute to further plant modifications leading to improved process efficiencies. Therefore, considering its wider compliance with IPPC principles HP would be chosen as BAT.Choosing BAT Socio-economic considerationsChoose your preferred NOx prevention or control option considering the internal (MAC) and external costs (MDC) shown Tables 6 and 7. Justify your choice.With regards to the marginal abatement costs (MAC) for NOx emissions, the HP option clearly proves to be the more attractive option due to the savings made ( MAC = -92 per ppm). The surplus energy generated and increase in acid produced leads to improved revenue which consequently reduces the operating cost of the plant. However, SCR increases operating cost by 225 per ppm of NOx removed. In order to asses if SCRs improved removal efficiency can justify such a cost, the marginal damage cost of both options was compared. The results indicate that MDC due to NOx emissions was lower for SCR ( 35,770 per year) than for HP ( 82,320 per year). However, the MDC fails to consider environmental impacts other than NOx emissions. If costs were considered for the impacts of ammonia production, it is likely that the MDC for SCR would be much higher. Considering this, HP was chosen as the best option.Choosing BAT The whole pictureList all criteria relevant for choosing BAT in the above case study. On the basis of the results obtained, rank the three options in order of their desirability. You may wish to create a ranking table, duty assignment a number to each technology to indicate the order of preference on a scale from 1-3 (e.g. number 1 indicates the best option and 3 the worst) this ranking should be done for each criterion you have listed.NOx removal efficiency/Marginal Damage CostsSCRHPBase CaseMarginal Abatement CostsHPBase CaseSCRLife-Cycle Environmental ImpactsHPSCRBase CaseCompliance with IPPC PrinciplesHPSCRBase CaseIdentify BAT for the conditions of this case study, assuming that you are Head of Engineering and Technology Division in a company. Justify your choice.Based on the criteria listed in question 1, HP demonstrates the most suitable option for IPPC compliance, reducing overall environmental impacts as well as providing savings in operating costs. Although SCR has a greater NOx removal efficiency, HP is consistently and in some cases significantly better than SCR in reducing environmental impacts such as fossil fuel depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, photochemical smog, and human toxicity. In addition to this, choosing HP not only reduces the plants environmental impact, but allows for improved energy generation onsite. Therefore, gains in efficiency ca n be made, reducing reliance on volatile energy prices. The HP option does not require additional feedstock, unlike SCRs ammonia requirement, and is therefore not as directly exposed to price fluctuations. Thus, the option of HP modification is econo